[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"grammar-exercise-01a0e1ab-d795-7211-9e8d-d6323e14a5d0":3,"grammar-exercise-lesson-01a0e1ab-d57e-70e9-98fe-8107fd9c38c1":387},{"id":4,"grammarPage":5,"title":6,"instructions":7,"seoTitle":8,"seoDescription":9,"displayOrder":10,"type":11,"questions":12,"ogImageUrl":386},"01a0e1ab-d795-7211-9e8d-d6323e14a5d0","\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_pages\u002F01a0e1ab-d57e-70e9-98fe-8107fd9c38c1","Complex Noun Phrases: Modification and Complementation — Forms in Context","Choose the option that completes each sentence in context.","Complex Noun Phrases: Forms and Relationships","Practise complex noun phrases in gap-fill sentences about projects, workplace decisions and research, focusing on structure, meaning and punctuation.",0,"word_select",[13,35,72,90,120,159,178,207,226,266,284,303,332,348,367],{"id":14,"sentenceTemplate":15,"displayOrder":10,"explanation":16,"exampleSentence":17,"blanks":18},"01a0e1ab-d795-74d1-9e8d-d632403c39b7","The unexpected cancellation of the two public consultations __1__ caused considerable concern.","The singular head cancellation controls agreement, so has caused is correct. The plural consultations belongs to the dependent of-phrase; it does not control the verb. Are cannot form the active perfect here.","Several objections to the revised timetable have delayed its introduction.",[19],{"id":20,"blankNumber":21,"options":22},"01a0e1ab-d795-7475-9e8d-d6323ff86139",1,[23,27,31],{"id":24,"optionText":25,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d795-73d5-9e8d-d6323e531e02","have",false,{"id":28,"optionText":29,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d795-7421-9e8d-d6323f01ff1e","has",true,{"id":32,"optionText":33,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d795-744d-9e8d-d6323f287108","are",2,{"id":36,"sentenceTemplate":37,"displayOrder":21,"explanation":38,"exampleSentence":39,"blanks":40},"01a0e1ab-d795-76ed-9e8d-d632479218dc","The review links the laboratory’s reliance __1__ private funding to its limited access __2__ public grants and its low awareness __3__ alternative sources.","These three nouns select different complement patterns: reliance on, access to and awareness of. Each complement identifies the funding or information involved, rather than a location or incidental quality.","Greater awareness of the rules improved residents’ access to support and reduced their reliance on emergency payments.",[41,53,62],{"id":42,"blankNumber":21,"options":43},"01a0e1ab-d795-7599-9e8d-d63242603ce9",[44,47,50],{"id":45,"optionText":46,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d795-7531-9e8d-d63240e19dc3","to",{"id":48,"optionText":49,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d795-7555-9e8d-d632418bf95a","of",{"id":51,"optionText":52,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d795-7579-9e8d-d632419e1cd0","on",{"id":54,"blankNumber":34,"options":55},"01a0e1ab-d795-7629-9e8d-d63244acc072",[56,58,60],{"id":57,"optionText":46,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d795-75c9-9e8d-d63242e80d2c",{"id":59,"optionText":52,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d795-75e9-9e8d-d6324386e912",{"id":61,"optionText":49,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d795-7609-9e8d-d63243bcf73c",{"id":63,"blankNumber":64,"options":65},"01a0e1ab-d795-76b9-9e8d-d632474378ef",3,[66,68,70],{"id":67,"optionText":52,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d795-765d-9e8d-d63245938e02",{"id":69,"optionText":49,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d795-767d-9e8d-d632460a6fc3",{"id":71,"optionText":46,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d795-769d-9e8d-d632468c74f9",{"id":73,"sentenceTemplate":74,"displayOrder":34,"explanation":75,"exampleSentence":76,"blanks":77},"01a0e1ab-d795-7801-9e8d-d63249fabf91","Compare The panel’s decision shocked the applicants with The panel’s decision to cancel the interviews shocked the applicants. Although it can be omitted, to cancel the interviews is __1__.","The infinitive states what the panel decided. Its omission in the first sentence does not make it a modifier: a complement can remain unexpressed when its content is understood.","Her refusal was unexpected; her refusal to discuss the budget was especially surprising.",[78],{"id":79,"blankNumber":21,"options":80},"01a0e1ab-d795-77cd-9e8d-d632498eae18",[81,84,87],{"id":82,"optionText":83,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d795-7759-9e8d-d632487ee7e4","a modifier locating the decision in time",{"id":85,"optionText":86,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d795-777d-9e8d-d6324914efa6","a complement giving the decision’s content",{"id":88,"optionText":89,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d795-779d-9e8d-d6324924e1e8","a relative clause identifying the applicants",{"id":91,"sentenceTemplate":92,"displayOrder":64,"explanation":93,"exampleSentence":94,"blanks":95},"01a0e1ab-d795-7965-9e8d-d6324d35d39b","In the demolition of the warehouse, of the warehouse identifies __1__; in an engineer of remarkable patience, of remarkable patience identifies __2__.","The warehouse is a participant in the demolition relationship, whereas remarkable patience describes the engineer. An of-phrase is not automatically a complement; its relationship to the head matters.","The restoration of the theatre required a designer of considerable experience.",[96,108],{"id":97,"blankNumber":21,"options":98},"01a0e1ab-d795-78a1-9e8d-d6324ba352e6",[99,102,105],{"id":100,"optionText":101,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d795-7845-9e8d-d6324abd777c","a quality of the demolition",{"id":103,"optionText":104,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d795-7865-9e8d-d6324b292143","what was demolished",{"id":106,"optionText":107,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d795-7885-9e8d-d6324b3e5b6e","when the demolition occurred",{"id":109,"blankNumber":34,"options":110},"01a0e1ab-d795-7931-9e8d-d6324c95f659",[111,114,117],{"id":112,"optionText":113,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d795-78d5-9e8d-d6324bda6937","what was engineered",{"id":115,"optionText":116,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d795-78f5-9e8d-d6324c1adc4a","when the engineer worked",{"id":118,"optionText":119,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d795-7915-9e8d-d6324c272586","a quality of the engineer",{"id":121,"sentenceTemplate":122,"displayOrder":123,"explanation":124,"exampleSentence":125,"blanks":126},"01a0e1ab-d795-7b7d-9e8d-d63253f2e2db","In a controversial, recently revised government policy, controversial is __1__, recently revised is __2__, and government is __3__.",4,"All three expressions precede the head policy. Controversial evaluates it, recently revised presents the result of an action, and the noun government indicates its association. None is a postmodifier.","We examined an ambitious, newly announced university project.",[127,139,149],{"id":128,"blankNumber":21,"options":129},"01a0e1ab-d795-7a19-9e8d-d6324f4e7172",[130,133,136],{"id":131,"optionText":132,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d795-79b9-9e8d-d6324e10f349","an adjective premodifier",{"id":134,"optionText":135,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d795-79dd-9e8d-d6324e9fe3d0","a noun premodifier",{"id":137,"optionText":138,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d795-79f9-9e8d-d6324ea0867b","a participial premodifier",{"id":140,"blankNumber":34,"options":141},"01a0e1ab-d795-7aa9-9e8d-d63251ec9aa6",[142,144,146],{"id":143,"optionText":135,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d795-7a4d-9e8d-d632503a3086",{"id":145,"optionText":138,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d795-7a6d-9e8d-d632506d46b1",{"id":147,"optionText":148,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d795-7a8d-9e8d-d63251335b89","an adjective with its own complement",{"id":150,"blankNumber":64,"options":151},"01a0e1ab-d795-7b45-9e8d-d632538a884b",[152,155,157],{"id":153,"optionText":154,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d795-7add-9e8d-d63251fd2ce7","a relative postmodifier",{"id":156,"optionText":138,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d795-7afd-9e8d-d63252f26192",{"id":158,"optionText":135,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d795-7b29-9e8d-d63253858c2d",{"id":160,"sentenceTemplate":161,"displayOrder":162,"explanation":163,"exampleSentence":164,"blanks":165},"01a0e1ab-d795-7c7d-9e8d-d63255baa521","The selection panel is looking for __1__; experience alone will not be enough.",5,"Suitable has its own complement, for this demanding role. The complete adjective phrase naturally follows candidate; neither inserting it before the head nor separating suitable from its complement produces the required structure.","They proposed a strategy consistent with the organisation’s environmental aims.",[166],{"id":167,"blankNumber":21,"options":168},"01a0e1ab-d795-7c49-9e8d-d6325536a632",[169,172,175],{"id":170,"optionText":171,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d795-7be5-9e8d-d6325407353b","a suitable for this demanding role candidate",{"id":173,"optionText":174,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d795-7c09-9e8d-d632542a664c","a candidate suitable for this demanding role",{"id":176,"optionText":177,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d795-7c29-9e8d-d63254e9d983","a candidate for this demanding role suitable",{"id":179,"sentenceTemplate":180,"displayOrder":181,"explanation":182,"exampleSentence":183,"blanks":184},"01a0e1ab-d795-7dd9-9e8d-d6325841a8ef","The belief __1__ regular exercise improves concentration influenced the study. The belief __2__ the researchers challenged concerned the benefits of working without breaks.",6,"Regular exercise improves concentration is a complete statement giving the belief’s content, so that introduces it. In the second sentence, the researchers challenged the belief: the relative clause has an object gap linked to belief. Relative that would also work there, but is not an option.","The suggestion that we shorten the course differs from the suggestion which the director rejected.",[185,197],{"id":186,"blankNumber":21,"options":187},"01a0e1ab-d795-7d19-9e8d-d63256fab1fd",[188,191,194],{"id":189,"optionText":190,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d795-7cc1-9e8d-d63255e70bed","which",{"id":192,"optionText":193,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d795-7ce1-9e8d-d6325676cdb5","what",{"id":195,"optionText":196,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d795-7cfd-9e8d-d632568f3802","that",{"id":198,"blankNumber":34,"options":199},"01a0e1ab-d795-7da5-9e8d-d632583a45d7",[200,202,204],{"id":201,"optionText":190,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d795-7d4d-9e8d-d63257433055",{"id":203,"optionText":193,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d795-7d6d-9e8d-d63257543a3d",{"id":205,"optionText":206,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d795-7d89-9e8d-d6325836f902","whether",{"id":208,"sentenceTemplate":209,"displayOrder":210,"explanation":211,"exampleSentence":212,"blanks":213},"01a0e1ab-d795-7ed9-9e8d-d6325a97dd0f","The question __1__ the proposed service would be affordable remained unanswered.",7,"The clause presents an unresolved yes-or-no issue, so of whether is appropriate. The question whether is also standard. Of which does not introduce this complete interrogative clause, and of that cannot introduce it either.","We discussed the question whether the library should open on Sundays.",[214],{"id":215,"blankNumber":21,"options":216},"01a0e1ab-d795-7e99-9e8d-d6325a8b75a0",[217,220,223],{"id":218,"optionText":219,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d795-7e2d-9e8d-d632592ff91b","of which",{"id":221,"optionText":222,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d795-7e51-9e8d-d63259c9152b","of whether",{"id":224,"optionText":225,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d795-7e79-9e8d-d6325a8a4426","of that",{"id":227,"sentenceTemplate":228,"displayOrder":229,"explanation":230,"exampleSentence":231,"blanks":232},"01a0e1ab-d796-7130-8cd9-f4a40d9f4957","In Leila’s decision to appeal, the infinitive gives __1__. In an application to review, application corresponds to __2__ of review. In the last inspector to leave, inspector corresponds to __3__ of leave.",8,"Leila decided to appeal, someone will review the application, and the inspector left last. These relationships distinguish an infinitival complement from infinitival modifiers with an object or subject connection to the head.","His promise to help was welcome: we had several boxes to carry, and he was the first neighbour to volunteer.",[233,245,257],{"id":234,"blankNumber":21,"options":235},"01a0e1ab-d795-7f79-9e8d-d6325d69e991",[236,239,242],{"id":237,"optionText":238,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d795-7f19-9e8d-d6325b79d9b5","the content of the decision",{"id":240,"optionText":241,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d795-7f3d-9e8d-d6325c687d84","a location for the decision",{"id":243,"optionText":244,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d795-7f59-9e8d-d6325d0c404b","the object of appeal",{"id":246,"blankNumber":34,"options":247},"01a0e1ab-d796-7070-8cd9-f4a40ac41ec1",[248,251,254],{"id":249,"optionText":250,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d796-7008-8cd9-f4a4089d2178","the subject",{"id":252,"optionText":253,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d796-7034-8cd9-f4a4095ee9a4","the object",{"id":255,"optionText":256,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d796-7054-8cd9-f4a40a340ac6","the time expression",{"id":258,"blankNumber":64,"options":259},"01a0e1ab-d796-70fc-8cd9-f4a40cb49b98",[260,262,264],{"id":261,"optionText":253,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d796-70a4-8cd9-f4a40b2668a3",{"id":263,"optionText":256,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d796-70c4-8cd9-f4a40baca164",{"id":265,"optionText":250,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d796-70e0-8cd9-f4a40bcb6c79",{"id":267,"sentenceTemplate":268,"displayOrder":269,"explanation":270,"exampleSentence":271,"blanks":272},"01a0e1ab-d796-7228-8cd9-f4a410d5ad06","The organiser needs a table __1__ the volunteers to display their leaflets on.",9,"For introduces the explicit subject volunteers in a for + noun phrase + to-infinitive construction. The volunteers will display the leaflets; table corresponds to the complement of on. With and of do not introduce this infinitival subject.","They found a quiet office for the translator to work in.",[273],{"id":274,"blankNumber":21,"options":275},"01a0e1ab-d796-71f4-8cd9-f4a40ff21de3",[276,278,281],{"id":277,"optionText":49,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d796-7198-8cd9-f4a40dfa4837",{"id":279,"optionText":280,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d796-71b8-8cd9-f4a40eb345e5","with",{"id":282,"optionText":283,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d796-71d8-8cd9-f4a40f6a5795","for",{"id":285,"sentenceTemplate":286,"displayOrder":287,"explanation":288,"exampleSentence":289,"blanks":290},"01a0e1ab-d796-7304-8cd9-f4a412d43330","At six yesterday evening, the passengers waiting near the gate were told to board. Here, waiting __1__.",10,"The participial clause does not independently mark tense. At six yesterday evening and were establish the past setting; the passengers were waiting then. The -ing form neither forces a present-time reading nor marks prior completion.","Next Monday, visitors waiting in reception will receive temporary passes.",[291],{"id":292,"blankNumber":21,"options":293},"01a0e1ab-d796-72d0-8cd9-f4a411faadf4",[294,297,300],{"id":295,"optionText":296,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d796-726c-8cd9-f4a41130ac41","describes an action at the past time established by the sentence",{"id":298,"optionText":299,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d796-728c-8cd9-f4a41132aa44","must describe an action happening at the moment of speaking",{"id":301,"optionText":302,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d796-72a8-8cd9-f4a4116bec5d","shows that the passengers had finished waiting before six",{"id":304,"sentenceTemplate":305,"displayOrder":306,"explanation":307,"exampleSentence":308,"blanks":309},"01a0e1ab-d796-74c4-8cd9-f4a4186cd78d","During yesterday’s inspection, the officials __1__ the equipment found two faults. The equipment __2__ by those officials was then removed from use.",11,"The officials perform the examination, so examining has an active relationship to officials. The equipment receives that action, and by those officials names the agents, so examined has a passive relationship to equipment. To requires a base verb, not examined or examining.","The technicians repairing the lift checked the parts supplied by the manufacturer.",[310,322],{"id":311,"blankNumber":21,"options":312},"01a0e1ab-d796-73fc-8cd9-f4a4153fb674",[313,316,319],{"id":314,"optionText":315,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d796-7344-8cd9-f4a413929511","examined",{"id":317,"optionText":318,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d796-73bc-8cd9-f4a413b3afd4","examining",{"id":320,"optionText":321,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d796-73e0-8cd9-f4a414511ff0","to examined",{"id":323,"blankNumber":34,"options":324},"01a0e1ab-d796-7490-8cd9-f4a417c7e02a",[325,327,330],{"id":326,"optionText":318,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d796-7430-8cd9-f4a415d3b385",{"id":328,"optionText":329,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d796-7450-8cd9-f4a416cab07c","to examining",{"id":331,"optionText":315,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d796-7470-8cd9-f4a41764f978",{"id":333,"sentenceTemplate":334,"displayOrder":335,"explanation":336,"exampleSentence":337,"blanks":338},"01a0e1ab-d796-75b8-8cd9-f4a4198dcde1","There is only one final report. In standard written English, complete this sentence with supplementary information: The final report, __1__ was released this morning, recommends a full review.",12,"The report is already identified, and the commas mark supplementary information. Standard written English permits which, not that, in this supplementary relative clause. What cannot follow report as its relative pronoun.","Our legal adviser, who joined the meeting remotely, approved the wording.",[339],{"id":340,"blankNumber":21,"options":341},"01a0e1ab-d796-7584-8cd9-f4a41910e2e7",[342,344,346],{"id":343,"optionText":196,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d796-7524-8cd9-f4a418890462",{"id":345,"optionText":193,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d796-7544-8cd9-f4a41899b33e",{"id":347,"optionText":190,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d796-7568-8cd9-f4a418d8ce23",{"id":349,"sentenceTemplate":350,"displayOrder":351,"explanation":352,"exampleSentence":353,"blanks":354},"01a0e1ab-d796-768c-8cd9-f4a41bbc9baa","Only four of the twelve reviewers had read the complete file, and only those four could vote. Choose the wording that identifies that subset: __1__ were permitted to vote.",13,"The relative clause must select the four eligible reviewers from the twelve, so it is identifying and has no commas. Commas would instead present the reading as supplementary information about already identified reviewers; supplementary that is also nonstandard.","Applicants who provided both references progressed to the next stage; the others were asked for more information.",[355],{"id":356,"blankNumber":21,"options":357},"01a0e1ab-d796-7658-8cd9-f4a41b988a54",[358,361,364],{"id":359,"optionText":360,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d796-75fc-8cd9-f4a41a63ef44","The reviewers, who had read the complete file,",{"id":362,"optionText":363,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d796-761c-8cd9-f4a41b59c4a4","The reviewers who had read the complete file",{"id":365,"optionText":366,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d796-7638-8cd9-f4a41b7ea999","The reviewers, that had read the complete file,",{"id":368,"sentenceTemplate":369,"displayOrder":370,"explanation":371,"exampleSentence":372,"blanks":373},"01a0e1ab-d796-7764-8cd9-f4a41e4d12e8","The board debated for weeks before approving a move, but the move itself was scheduled for next year. Choose the version that states the timing clearly: __1__",14,"The initial phrase clearly places the debate before the completed decision, while next year modifies the planned move. The first alternative crowds both time expressions after move and fails to state their attachment clearly; the second wrongly assigns next year to the decision. Moving information outside a dense noun phrase or clause can clarify its target.","Following a lengthy consultation, the trustees agreed to reopen the museum in September.",[374],{"id":375,"blankNumber":21,"options":376},"01a0e1ab-d796-7730-8cd9-f4a41d97b072",[377,380,383],{"id":378,"optionText":379,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d796-76d4-8cd9-f4a41c9724e5","The board decided to move the office after weeks of debate next year.",{"id":381,"optionText":382,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d796-76f4-8cd9-f4a41cb464a3","The board decided next year to move the office after weeks of debate.",{"id":384,"optionText":385,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d796-7714-8cd9-f4a41d91b633","After weeks of debate, the board decided to move the office next year.","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_03f087b1-6dff-442f-a5d6-369116fa94a6_hero.webp?v=1790492530",{"title":388,"slug":389,"language":390,"level":391},"Complex Noun Phrases: Modification and Complementation","complex-noun-phrases-modification-and-complementation","en","C1"]