[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"grammar-exercise-01a0e1ab-d940-77f1-9590-a2c100e26f2a":3,"grammar-exercise-lesson-01a0e1ab-d5aa-756b-b06b-76ca59800cb2":320},{"id":4,"grammarPage":5,"title":6,"instructions":7,"seoTitle":8,"seoDescription":9,"displayOrder":10,"type":11,"questions":12,"ogImageUrl":319},"01a0e1ab-d940-77f1-9590-a2c100e26f2a","\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_pages\u002F01a0e1ab-d5aa-756b-b06b-76ca59800cb2","Ellipsis with Auxiliaries and Infinitives — Forms in Context","Choose the option that completes each sentence in context. Where alternatives are separated by a slash, choose the pair in which both alternatives work.","Ellipsis: Choosing Auxiliaries and Infinitives","Practise ellipsis with auxiliaries and infinitives in gap-fill sentences about workplace tasks, future plans, missed opportunities and clear reference.",0,"word_select",[13,35,52,80,107,125,141,160,179,198,216,235,254,282,300],{"id":14,"sentenceTemplate":15,"displayOrder":10,"explanation":16,"exampleSentence":17,"blanks":18},"01a0e1ab-d940-7b99-9590-a2c104280549","The receptionist has emailed the access code to every visitor, but the manager __1__. Here, the missing words are has not emailed the access code to every visitor.","The supplied meaning requires present perfect has not, contracted to hasn’t. The omitted material includes the recipients as well as the action. Doesn’t changes the tense, and haven’t does not agree with the manager.","Our team has checked all the figures in the appendix, but yours hasn’t.",[19],{"id":20,"blankNumber":21,"options":22},"01a0e1ab-d940-7b09-9590-a2c1038ce858",1,[23,27,31],{"id":24,"optionText":25,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d940-79fd-9590-a2c10102df44","doesn't",false,{"id":28,"optionText":29,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d940-7a6d-9590-a2c101f9f57c","hasn't",true,{"id":32,"optionText":33,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d940-7ac1-9590-a2c102ceb5bd","haven't",2,{"id":36,"sentenceTemplate":37,"displayOrder":21,"explanation":38,"exampleSentence":39,"blanks":40},"01a0e1ab-d940-7db1-9590-a2c106282be0","I expected the scanner to work, but it __1__. This states the actual negative result of yesterday’s test, not a prediction.","Yesterday’s completed test requires past simple didn’t, with work understood. The retained auxiliary expresses the actual result rather than copying the earlier infinitive. Doesn’t is present tense; don’t also fails agreement with it.","We thought the spare key would fit, and it did.",[41],{"id":42,"blankNumber":21,"options":43},"01a0e1ab-d940-7d19-9590-a2c105e9ad87",[44,46,49],{"id":45,"optionText":25,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d940-7c2d-9590-a2c104ee3da8",{"id":47,"optionText":48,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d940-7c95-9590-a2c10578429a","don't",{"id":50,"optionText":51,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d940-7cd5-9590-a2c105cf4be9","didn't",{"id":53,"sentenceTemplate":54,"displayOrder":34,"explanation":55,"exampleSentence":56,"blanks":57},"01a0e1ab-d941-71a3-8bd7-ebdc430017d2","Clara checks the alarm every evening, and I __1__ too. Her neighbours no longer check theirs, but they __2__ when they first moved in.","Each elliptical clause has its own agreement and tense: I do describes a current habit, while they did refers to the earlier period when the neighbours moved in. Does cannot agree with I or they; doing cannot stand alone as the finite auxiliary.","My brother cycles to work now; I don’t, although I did last summer.",[58,70],{"id":59,"blankNumber":21,"options":60},"01a0e1ab-d940-7f39-9590-a2c1081ebbe3",[61,64,67],{"id":62,"optionText":63,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d940-7e65-9590-a2c10704c18e","do",{"id":65,"optionText":66,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d940-7ea5-9590-a2c1078e43f5","does",{"id":68,"optionText":69,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d940-7ee9-9590-a2c107f284f0","doing",{"id":71,"blankNumber":34,"options":72},"01a0e1ab-d941-7117-8bd7-ebdc422e1a19",[73,75,78],{"id":74,"optionText":66,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d941-701b-8bd7-ebdc3fc7fa5d",{"id":76,"optionText":77,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d941-707b-8bd7-ebdc40bbdd72","did",{"id":79,"optionText":63,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d941-70cf-8bd7-ebdc4170c9c6",{"id":81,"sentenceTemplate":82,"displayOrder":83,"explanation":84,"exampleSentence":85,"blanks":86},"01a0e1ab-d941-75b7-8bd7-ebdc4737d3b3","At nine yesterday, Eva was checking tickets, but the other volunteers __1__. Later, Eva was interviewed by the organiser, but the other volunteers __2__.",3,"The first gap retains plural past be for the progressive checking tickets; the second retains it for the passive interviewed by the organiser. Wasn’t fails plural agreement. Didn’t cannot replace be while retaining either of these understood phrases.","The main entrance was being painted, but the side entrances weren’t.",[87,98],{"id":88,"blankNumber":21,"options":89},"01a0e1ab-d941-7357-8bd7-ebdc44c4d51b",[90,93,96],{"id":91,"optionText":92,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d941-7273-8bd7-ebdc43e323b5","wasn't",{"id":94,"optionText":95,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d941-72b7-8bd7-ebdc44b0e568","weren't",{"id":97,"optionText":51,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d941-730b-8bd7-ebdc44ba460d",{"id":99,"blankNumber":34,"options":100},"01a0e1ab-d941-752f-8bd7-ebdc471ed75e",[101,103,105],{"id":102,"optionText":51,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d941-7437-8bd7-ebdc45170573",{"id":104,"optionText":92,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d941-748f-8bd7-ebdc45f1435e",{"id":106,"optionText":95,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d941-74df-8bd7-ebdc463a8417",{"id":108,"sentenceTemplate":109,"displayOrder":110,"explanation":111,"exampleSentence":112,"blanks":113},"01a0e1ab-d941-7843-8bd7-ebdc4882b35d","“Can both assistants unlock the store cupboard?” “Yes, they __1__.” Complete the answer by confirming their ability.",4,"Can retains the ability meaning explicitly requested in the question. Do would assert that the assistants perform the action rather than directly retain that modality; are does not support the understood unlock the store cupboard.","I can’t reach the top shelf, but my sister can.",[114],{"id":115,"blankNumber":21,"options":116},"01a0e1ab-d941-77b3-8bd7-ebdc487e266d",[117,120,122],{"id":118,"optionText":119,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d941-76af-8bd7-ebdc47b012d0","can",{"id":121,"optionText":63,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d941-770b-8bd7-ebdc486f0b46",{"id":123,"optionText":124,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d941-7763-8bd7-ebdc48747135","are",{"id":126,"sentenceTemplate":127,"displayOrder":128,"explanation":129,"exampleSentence":130,"blanks":131},"01a0e1ab-d941-7a6f-8bd7-ebdc4a57b00c","“Were you nervous before the presentation?” “I __1__, but my colleague was.” The speaker denies being nervous.",5,"Nervous is the complement of main-verb be, so retain wasn’t with I in this past-time statement. Didn’t cannot replace copular be, and weren’t does not agree with I here.","The first room wasn’t available, but the larger one was.",[132],{"id":133,"blankNumber":21,"options":134},"01a0e1ab-d941-79db-8bd7-ebdc4a1bb0f8",[135,137,139],{"id":136,"optionText":51,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d941-78ef-8bd7-ebdc49461a11",{"id":138,"optionText":95,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d941-7947-8bd7-ebdc4958634c",{"id":140,"optionText":92,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d941-798f-8bd7-ebdc49e8b01e",{"id":142,"sentenceTemplate":143,"displayOrder":144,"explanation":145,"exampleSentence":146,"blanks":147},"01a0e1ab-d941-7c9b-8bd7-ebdc4d397966","“Has the technician been testing the new lights?” Both affirmative answers in __1__ are possible without repeating testing the new lights.",6,"Ellipsis can follow has or has been: both preserve the present perfect progressive meaning. Retaining been may give the progressive element more emphasis. Has being is malformed, and she have fails agreement.","“Have the children been sleeping?” “Yes, they have been.”",[148],{"id":149,"blankNumber":21,"options":150},"01a0e1ab-d941-7c0f-8bd7-ebdc4d2d2626",[151,154,157],{"id":152,"optionText":153,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d941-7b13-8bd7-ebdc4aeaa7c2","“She has” \u002F “She has being”",{"id":155,"optionText":156,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d941-7b6b-8bd7-ebdc4b689675","“She has” \u002F “She has been”",{"id":158,"optionText":159,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d941-7bbb-8bd7-ebdc4c4c2446","“She has been” \u002F “She have”",{"id":161,"sentenceTemplate":162,"displayOrder":163,"explanation":164,"exampleSentence":165,"blanks":166},"01a0e1ab-d941-7ec3-8bd7-ebdc4ffe0591","“Did you save a backup before deleting the folder?” “No, but I __1__.” The speaker means that saving one was an unfulfilled obligation at that past moment.",7,"Should have preserves the past-time reference of the unfulfilled obligation. Should alone normally expresses a present or future obligation, which the context excludes. A modal takes base-form have, not had.","We didn’t book seats in advance, although we ought to have.",[167],{"id":168,"blankNumber":21,"options":169},"01a0e1ab-d941-7e3b-8bd7-ebdc4f11ba78",[170,173,176],{"id":171,"optionText":172,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d941-7d3f-8bd7-ebdc4d695423","should",{"id":174,"optionText":175,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d941-7d9b-8bd7-ebdc4e4fb5a2","should have",{"id":177,"optionText":178,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d941-7def-8bd7-ebdc4ef9e8ea","should had",{"id":180,"sentenceTemplate":181,"displayOrder":182,"explanation":183,"exampleSentence":184,"blanks":185},"01a0e1ab-d942-715e-8ea8-23bd7f2c7ae4","In an ordinary written short answer: “Are you responsible for the bookings?” “Yes, __1__.”",8,"Retain copular am because responsible is its complement. An affirmative contraction such as I’m does not normally stand at the end of this elliptical answer. I do would require an understood action verb instead. Negative contractions, such as I’m not, are possible in negative answers.","“Has the parcel arrived?” “Yes, it has.”",[186],{"id":187,"blankNumber":21,"options":188},"01a0e1ab-d942-70da-8ea8-23bd7e90791d",[189,192,195],{"id":190,"optionText":191,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d941-7f67-8bd7-ebdc50934a44","I do",{"id":193,"optionText":194,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d942-7036-8ea8-23bd7dfcf1a9","I'm",{"id":196,"optionText":197,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d942-7096-8ea8-23bd7e4c68da","I am",{"id":199,"sentenceTemplate":200,"displayOrder":201,"explanation":202,"exampleSentence":203,"blanks":204},"01a0e1ab-d942-738e-8ea8-23bd812b2f60","“Will you appeal against the decision?” “I haven’t decided yet, but I would like __1__.”",9,"Would like takes a to-infinitive. Retaining to allows appeal against the decision to be understood. Neither do nor that can replace the required infinitive marker in this structure.","We were invited to stay for dinner and were happy to.",[205],{"id":206,"blankNumber":21,"options":207},"01a0e1ab-d942-72c6-8ea8-23bd81140f74",[208,211,213],{"id":209,"optionText":210,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d942-71f2-8ea8-23bd7ff0dfa8","to",{"id":212,"optionText":63,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d942-7236-8ea8-23bd803e0d23",{"id":214,"optionText":215,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d942-727a-8ea8-23bd80ad968d","that",{"id":217,"sentenceTemplate":218,"displayOrder":219,"explanation":220,"exampleSentence":221,"blanks":222},"01a0e1ab-d942-754e-8ea8-23bd8325f2b8","After considering the matter, I made a firm decision against making a complaint: I decided __1__. This is not merely a statement that no decision was made.",10,"Decided not to retains a negative infinitive and states a decision against complaining. Didn’t decide to complain would instead deny making that decision. To not cannot end this ordinary elliptical infinitive, and not do omits the required infinitive marker.","Although a refund was available, we chose not to request one.",[223],{"id":224,"blankNumber":21,"options":225},"01a0e1ab-d942-74e6-8ea8-23bd824a3fb2",[226,229,232],{"id":227,"optionText":228,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d942-741a-8ea8-23bd812f072f","to not",{"id":230,"optionText":231,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d942-745a-8ea8-23bd81810e9a","not to",{"id":233,"optionText":234,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d942-74a6-8ea8-23bd8240dad2","not do",{"id":236,"sentenceTemplate":237,"displayOrder":238,"explanation":239,"exampleSentence":240,"blanks":241},"01a0e1ab-d942-76de-8ea8-23bd8548132b","“Are you looking forward to meeting the new team?” “Yes, I’m __1__.”",11,"In look forward to, to is a preposition, not an infinitive marker. It needs a complement, supplied here by it, referring to meeting the team. Neither looking forward to nor looking forward alone completes the intended expression.","The reunion is next month, and everyone is looking forward to it.",[242],{"id":243,"blankNumber":21,"options":244},"01a0e1ab-d942-7676-8ea8-23bd84cf5d70",[245,248,251],{"id":246,"optionText":247,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d942-75c2-8ea8-23bd83d51292","looking forward to",{"id":249,"optionText":250,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d942-7606-8ea8-23bd84156171","looking forward",{"id":252,"optionText":253,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d942-7642-8ea8-23bd84c0970f","looking forward to it",{"id":255,"sentenceTemplate":256,"displayOrder":257,"explanation":258,"exampleSentence":259,"blanks":260},"01a0e1ab-d942-79be-8ea8-23bd8910c749","I’m not the team leader, but I’d like __1__. I wasn’t selected for the training course either, although I had expected __2__.",12,"The first to be retains copular be with the team leader understood; the second retains passive be with selected for the training course understood. In both structures, infinitival to requires base-form be, not being or been.","The exhibition isn’t open yet, but it is expected to be by noon.",[261,273],{"id":262,"blankNumber":21,"options":263},"01a0e1ab-d942-782a-8ea8-23bd877b05ab",[264,267,270],{"id":265,"optionText":266,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d942-775e-8ea8-23bd85d018a5","to being",{"id":268,"optionText":269,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d942-779e-8ea8-23bd86116a8a","to be",{"id":271,"optionText":272,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d942-77da-8ea8-23bd86dd9fba","to been",{"id":274,"blankNumber":34,"options":275},"01a0e1ab-d942-794e-8ea8-23bd88b04746",[276,278,280],{"id":277,"optionText":269,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d942-7892-8ea8-23bd879cf5f5",{"id":279,"optionText":272,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d942-78d2-8ea8-23bd87f72ca1",{"id":281,"optionText":266,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d942-7912-8ea8-23bd887d7088",{"id":283,"sentenceTemplate":284,"displayOrder":285,"explanation":286,"exampleSentence":287,"blanks":288},"01a0e1ab-d942-7ba6-8ea8-23bd8c129844","Use a perfect infinitive to emphasise completion by the deadline: “I haven’t checked every reference yet, but by Thursday I expect __1__.”",13,"The explicit request for a perfect infinitive requires to have, with checked every reference understood. To alone could form an ordinary infinitive meaning to check every reference, but would not supply the requested perfect structure. To had is ungrammatical.","The builders have not finished, but by our next visit they hope to have.",[289],{"id":290,"blankNumber":21,"options":291},"01a0e1ab-d942-7b36-8ea8-23bd8b416a35",[292,295,297],{"id":293,"optionText":294,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d942-7a6a-8ea8-23bd894e9fa1","to had",{"id":296,"optionText":210,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d942-7ab2-8ea8-23bd8a01369f",{"id":298,"optionText":299,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d942-7af6-8ea8-23bd8a62cac9","to have",{"id":301,"sentenceTemplate":302,"displayOrder":303,"explanation":304,"exampleSentence":305,"blanks":306},"01a0e1ab-d942-7d5a-8ea8-23bd8e94278a","With no further context, “Ruth updated her profile, and Daniel did too” can mean that Daniel updated __1__.",14,"The possessive in the omitted phrase permits two readings: Daniel updated Ruth’s profile, or Daniel updated his own. Neither only option captures that ambiguity. Repeat the relevant words if the intended owner is not otherwise clear.","To avoid ambiguity, write: “Leila checked her application, and Sam checked Leila’s application too.”",[307],{"id":308,"blankNumber":21,"options":309},"01a0e1ab-d942-7cf6-8ea8-23bd8e01b6da",[310,313,316],{"id":311,"optionText":312,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-d942-7c2e-8ea8-23bd8c427ef1","only Ruth’s profile",{"id":314,"optionText":315,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-d942-7c76-8ea8-23bd8cbaae05","either Ruth’s profile or his own profile",{"id":317,"optionText":318,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-d942-7cba-8ea8-23bd8d76b31c","only his own profile","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_d88dbf1d-9d99-41fd-9f90-e366334eff92_hero.webp?v=1790492531",{"title":321,"slug":322,"language":323,"level":324},"Ellipsis with Auxiliaries and Infinitives","ellipsis-with-auxiliaries-and-infinitives","en","C1"]