[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"grammar-exercise-01a0e1ab-dc94-7cf8-aa0b-d5ffb3a15580":3,"grammar-exercise-lesson-01a0e1ab-d5f1-7df8-9e70-f2c2ebdb7f87":312},{"id":4,"grammarPage":5,"title":6,"instructions":7,"seoTitle":8,"seoDescription":9,"displayOrder":10,"type":11,"questions":12,"ogImageUrl":311},"01a0e1ab-dc94-7cf8-aa0b-d5ffb3a15580","\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_pages\u002F01a0e1ab-d5f1-7df8-9e70-f2c2ebdb7f87","Participle Clauses for Time, Reason and Result — Forms in Context","Choose the option that completes each sentence in context.","Participle Clauses: Forms and Meaning Practice","Practise participle clauses through gap-fill sentences about journeys, work and local events, choosing forms for time, reason and resulting effects.",0,"word_select",[13,35,53,71,90,109,128,147,178,197,216,235,254,273,292],{"id":14,"sentenceTemplate":15,"displayOrder":10,"explanation":16,"exampleSentence":17,"blanks":18},"01a0e1ab-dc95-70c0-ae30-e8ba9a8cdbaf","While __1__ the evening meal, Daniel listened to a radio interview.","While makes the simultaneous relationship explicit. Daniel actively prepares the meal, so the reduced clause needs preparing, not the passive prepared or the base form prepare.","While looking for her ticket, Sara dropped her phone.",[19],{"id":20,"blankNumber":21,"options":22},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7034-ae30-e8ba99979548",1,[23,27,31],{"id":24,"optionText":25,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-dc94-7ef8-aa0b-d5ffb3b5811b","prepared",false,{"id":28,"optionText":29,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-dc94-7f58-aa0b-d5ffb41f3f9d","preparing",true,{"id":32,"optionText":33,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-dc94-7f98-aa0b-d5ffb513e4a5","prepare",2,{"id":36,"sentenceTemplate":37,"displayOrder":21,"explanation":38,"exampleSentence":39,"blanks":40},"01a0e1ab-dc95-724c-ae30-e8ba9c40f293","__1__ in simple English, the guide will be easy for visitors to understand when it is published next month.","The guide receives the action of writing, so the passive clause uses the irregular past participle written. Will and next month establish future time; written does not itself mark past time.","Delivered before noon tomorrow, the flowers will still look fresh at the ceremony.",[41],{"id":42,"blankNumber":21,"options":43},"01a0e1ab-dc95-71f0-ae30-e8ba9c347bee",[44,47,50],{"id":45,"optionText":46,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7150-ae30-e8ba9b1de944","Writing",{"id":48,"optionText":49,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7188-ae30-e8ba9c0ef77c","Wrote",{"id":51,"optionText":52,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-dc95-71bc-ae30-e8ba9c2fcc06","Written",{"id":54,"sentenceTemplate":55,"displayOrder":34,"explanation":56,"exampleSentence":57,"blanks":58},"01a0e1ab-dc95-740c-ae30-e8ba9d54b370","Having __1__ photographs of every room, the inspector put her camera away.","Having taken emphasises that the inspector completed the photographs before putting the camera away. Having requires the past participle taken, not the past-tense form took or the -ing form taking.","Having eaten breakfast, we set off for the coast.",[59],{"id":60,"blankNumber":21,"options":61},"01a0e1ab-dc95-73ac-ae30-e8ba9d459403",[62,65,68],{"id":63,"optionText":64,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-dc95-72c0-ae30-e8ba9ca0e7b5","taken",{"id":66,"optionText":67,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7314-ae30-e8ba9ca9b734","took",{"id":69,"optionText":70,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7348-ae30-e8ba9ccdc858","taking",{"id":72,"sentenceTemplate":73,"displayOrder":74,"explanation":75,"exampleSentence":76,"blanks":77},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7578-ae30-e8ba9ede9f65","Having __1__ by a local mechanic, the van was ready for the long journey.",3,"The mechanic repaired the van before it was ready. The van receives the action, so an earlier completed passive event needs having been repaired. Having repaired would make the van the repairer.","Having been cleaned overnight, the hall was ready for the guests.",[78],{"id":79,"blankNumber":21,"options":80},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7518-ae30-e8ba9ecbdd27",[81,84,87],{"id":82,"optionText":83,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-dc95-747c-ae30-e8ba9d9f61a2","repaired",{"id":85,"optionText":86,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-dc95-74b4-ae30-e8ba9df959ed","been repairing",{"id":88,"optionText":89,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-dc95-74e8-ae30-e8ba9ebf6533","been repaired",{"id":91,"sentenceTemplate":92,"displayOrder":93,"explanation":94,"exampleSentence":95,"blanks":96},"01a0e1ab-dc95-770c-ae30-e8baa0f7f4cc","__1__ which platform to use, I asked a member of staff.",4,"My lack of knowledge explains why I asked. The active negative participle clause is not knowing: not normally precedes the participle. Known would be passive, and know is a base form.","Not understanding the instructions, Ella watched a demonstration.",[97],{"id":98,"blankNumber":21,"options":99},"01a0e1ab-dc95-76ac-ae30-e8ba9ffaeba9",[100,103,106],{"id":101,"optionText":102,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-dc95-75f8-ae30-e8ba9f03b66b","Not known",{"id":104,"optionText":105,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7638-ae30-e8ba9f27b111","Not knowing",{"id":107,"optionText":108,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7670-ae30-e8ba9f82b3c7","Not know",{"id":110,"sentenceTemplate":111,"displayOrder":112,"explanation":113,"exampleSentence":114,"blanks":115},"01a0e1ab-dc95-78a0-ae30-e8baa3b6c71e","Not having __1__ the revised timetable, we went to the station at the old departure time.",5,"Not having seen combines an earlier situation with the reason for our mistake. After having, use the irregular past participle seen. The negative not comes before the whole participle structure.","Not having booked a table, the couple had to wait outside.",[116],{"id":117,"blankNumber":21,"options":118},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7838-ae30-e8baa2ef4352",[119,122,125],{"id":120,"optionText":121,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7788-ae30-e8baa1bf47ee","seen",{"id":123,"optionText":124,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-dc95-77c4-ae30-e8baa2639fb1","saw",{"id":126,"optionText":127,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7800-ae30-e8baa27da604","seeing",{"id":129,"sentenceTemplate":130,"displayOrder":131,"explanation":132,"exampleSentence":133,"blanks":134},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7a50-ae30-e8baa6711599","The two actions followed immediately: __1__ the drawer, Mina pulled out a clean towel.",6,"Opening can introduce an immediately preceding action when the sequence is clear. A perfect participle is not compulsory. Mina opens the drawer herself, so the passive opened does not fit.","Lifting the lid, the cook added a little salt.",[135],{"id":136,"blankNumber":21,"options":137},"01a0e1ab-dc95-79e4-ae30-e8baa5f4ba7f",[138,141,144],{"id":139,"optionText":140,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-dc95-791c-ae30-e8baa47dc27d","Opened",{"id":142,"optionText":143,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7960-ae30-e8baa4e49467","Open",{"id":145,"optionText":146,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-dc95-79ac-ae30-e8baa598f503","Opening",{"id":148,"sentenceTemplate":149,"displayOrder":150,"explanation":151,"exampleSentence":152,"blanks":153},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7ce0-ae30-e8baaa826666","We inspected the bicycles first and paid second. After __1__ them, we paid the owner; before __2__ away, we put on our helmets.",7,"After + -ing explicitly places the inspection before payment. Before + -ing places the helmets before the ride. Both clauses describe actions performed by we; neither takes a finite past form or a base form here.","After collecting her luggage, Priya checked her phone before leaving the airport.",[154,166],{"id":155,"blankNumber":21,"options":156},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7b74-ae30-e8baa8d995c0",[157,160,163],{"id":158,"optionText":159,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7ac8-ae30-e8baa71b3410","inspected",{"id":161,"optionText":162,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7b04-ae30-e8baa7b51175","inspecting",{"id":164,"optionText":165,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7b40-ae30-e8baa81795f2","inspect",{"id":167,"blankNumber":34,"options":168},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7c7c-ae30-e8baa9b8ba4e",[169,172,175],{"id":170,"optionText":171,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7bd4-ae30-e8baa8e52f6b","riding",{"id":173,"optionText":174,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7c10-ae30-e8baa90cd47c","rode",{"id":176,"optionText":177,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7c48-ae30-e8baa952db5a","ride",{"id":179,"sentenceTemplate":180,"displayOrder":181,"explanation":182,"exampleSentence":183,"blanks":184},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7e88-ae30-e8baacab556b","When __1__ to explain the new rules, the coach gave a short demonstration.",8,"The coach was asked to explain, so when asked is a passive time clause. Asking would make the coach the person requesting an explanation, contrary to the intended passive relationship expressed by the response.","When offered a seat, the elderly passenger smiled and sat down.",[185],{"id":186,"blankNumber":21,"options":187},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7e28-ae30-e8baac660245",[188,191,194],{"id":189,"optionText":190,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7d80-ae30-e8baab6802a1","asking",{"id":192,"optionText":193,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7dbc-ae30-e8baabf1882f","ask",{"id":195,"optionText":196,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7df4-ae30-e8baac03df8a","asked",{"id":198,"sentenceTemplate":199,"displayOrder":200,"explanation":201,"exampleSentence":202,"blanks":203},"01a0e1ab-dc96-7079-945f-b6ef2f2448e3","__1__ by thick snow, the mountain road was closed until the afternoon.",9,"The snow blocked the road, and this explains the closure. The passive reason clause needs blocked. Blocking would make the road perform the action; having blocking is not a valid perfect participle structure.","Surrounded by noisy building work, the café attracted few customers.",[204],{"id":205,"blankNumber":21,"options":206},"01a0e1ab-dc96-700d-945f-b6ef2ea97908",[207,210,213],{"id":208,"optionText":209,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7f00-ae30-e8baacec8fce","Blocking",{"id":211,"optionText":212,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7f40-ae30-e8baad235611","Blocked",{"id":214,"optionText":215,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7f74-ae30-e8baadd186dd","Having blocking",{"id":217,"sentenceTemplate":218,"displayOrder":219,"explanation":220,"exampleSentence":221,"blanks":222},"01a0e1ab-dc96-7209-945f-b6ef31fdf4aa","The organisers added a second entrance, __1__ the time people spent in the queue.",10,"The final -ing clause gives the result of adding the entrance. The comma separates this consequence from the main clause. Reduced and reduce cannot introduce this result clause.","A tree fell across the railway, delaying the morning trains.",[223],{"id":224,"blankNumber":21,"options":225},"01a0e1ab-dc96-71ad-945f-b6ef3163a872",[226,229,232],{"id":227,"optionText":228,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-dc96-7101-945f-b6ef2f31fa0d","reducing",{"id":230,"optionText":231,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-dc96-7141-945f-b6ef2fbb90db","reduced",{"id":233,"optionText":234,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-dc96-7179-945f-b6ef3095c6ae","reduce",{"id":236,"sentenceTemplate":237,"displayOrder":238,"explanation":239,"exampleSentence":240,"blanks":241},"01a0e1ab-dc96-7389-945f-b6ef3447c053","Choose the form that reports an actual result, not merely an aim: The new timetable shortened the journey, __1__ passengers more time at home.",11,"The instruction explicitly asks for a realised consequence, so giving is required. To give would express purpose rather than confirm that result. Given cannot introduce the active result clause.","The library extended its opening hours, allowing students to study there after work.",[242],{"id":243,"blankNumber":21,"options":244},"01a0e1ab-dc96-7319-945f-b6ef34234cf1",[245,248,251],{"id":246,"optionText":247,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-dc96-7275-945f-b6ef323a37b8","to give",{"id":249,"optionText":250,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-dc96-72ad-945f-b6ef32c47618","given",{"id":252,"optionText":253,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-dc96-72e9-945f-b6ef333bf4a9","giving",{"id":255,"sentenceTemplate":256,"displayOrder":257,"explanation":258,"exampleSentence":259,"blanks":260},"01a0e1ab-dc96-7541-945f-b6ef368899a0","The people carrying the equipment were the volunteers. Carrying the heavy boxes upstairs, __1__.",12,"The understood subject of carrying must be the main-clause subject: the volunteers. The other options make a rest or the staircase the grammatical subject and therefore leave carrying attached to the wrong subject.","Looking for a parking space, the driver turned into a side street.",[261],{"id":262,"blankNumber":21,"options":263},"01a0e1ab-dc96-74e5-945f-b6ef35f0a8a5",[264,267,270],{"id":265,"optionText":266,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-dc96-7401-945f-b6ef34b704a0","a short rest was needed by the volunteers",{"id":268,"optionText":269,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-dc96-747d-945f-b6ef351e178b","the volunteers stopped for a rest",{"id":271,"optionText":272,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-dc96-74b5-945f-b6ef355e0b7c","the staircase seemed very steep to the volunteers",{"id":274,"sentenceTemplate":275,"displayOrder":276,"explanation":277,"exampleSentence":278,"blanks":279},"01a0e1ab-dc96-76a5-945f-b6ef399a9c57","I was cycling beside the canal when my phone rang. With the phone as the main-clause subject, write: __1__, my phone rang.",13,"The cyclist is I, not my phone. A full while-clause states its own subject and allows my phone to remain the main-clause subject. Both reduced alternatives wrongly attach cycling to the phone.","While the children were playing outside, dinner burned in the oven.",[280],{"id":281,"blankNumber":21,"options":282},"01a0e1ab-dc96-7649-945f-b6ef38b2e1e7",[283,286,289],{"id":284,"optionText":285,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-dc96-75ad-945f-b6ef36948764","While I was cycling beside the canal",{"id":287,"optionText":288,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-dc96-75e5-945f-b6ef37661dbf","Cycling beside the canal",{"id":290,"optionText":291,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-dc96-7619-945f-b6ef37dc4f99","While cycling beside the canal",{"id":293,"sentenceTemplate":294,"displayOrder":295,"explanation":296,"exampleSentence":297,"blanks":298},"01a0e1ab-dc96-7815-945f-b6ef3bd482c2","Choose the correctly punctuated participle clause: __1__ the researcher returned the books to the library.",14,"An introductory participle clause is followed by a comma. Place it after the complete clause, not between completed and its object the study. Having completed also marks the study as finished before the books were returned.","Having saved the document, Amir closed his laptop.",[299],{"id":300,"blankNumber":21,"options":301},"01a0e1ab-dc96-77bd-945f-b6ef3bc9d59d",[302,305,308],{"id":303,"optionText":304,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":10},"01a0e1ab-dc96-7711-945f-b6ef3a2deea8","Having completed, the study",{"id":306,"optionText":307,"isCorrect":26,"displayOrder":21},"01a0e1ab-dc96-7759-945f-b6ef3a52636d","Having completed the study",{"id":309,"optionText":310,"isCorrect":30,"displayOrder":34},"01a0e1ab-dc96-778d-945f-b6ef3b37a1c6","Having completed the study,","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_0ee9cf53-c9fe-4374-8a71-f7bf1f3cfe14_hero.webp?v=1790492531",{"title":313,"slug":314,"language":315,"level":316},"Participle Clauses for Time, Reason and Result","participle-clauses-for-time-reason-and-result","en","B2"]