[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"grammar-exercise-01a0e1ac-767d-7605-bb80-407a0d89872d":3,"grammar-exercise-lesson-01a07863-d6ab-7aa1-a11a-2ab40be93a6a":135},{"id":4,"grammarPage":5,"title":6,"instructions":7,"seoTitle":8,"seoDescription":9,"displayOrder":10,"type":11,"questions":12,"ogImageUrl":134},"01a0e1ac-767d-7605-bb80-407a0d89872d","\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_pages\u002F01a07863-d6ab-7aa1-a11a-2ab40be93a6a","Past forms: endings, stem changes and negatives","Tap a tile, then tap its column. Follow the sorting rule on each board.","한국어 과거형 분류: 어미 선택과 불규칙 및 부정","한국어 과거형을 명사, 규칙 용언, 불규칙 용언과 부정 표현으로 나누어 연습합니다. 명사의 받침과 어간의 마지막 모음을 보고 알맞은 어미를 고르세요. 어간 끝 자음이 바뀌는지도 확인하고, 부정문이 현재와 과거 중 언제의 일인지, 단순 부정인지 불가능을 뜻하는지도 구별합니다.",3,"word_sort",[13,36,60,83,105],{"id":14,"sentenceTemplate":15,"displayOrder":16,"explanation":17,"blanks":18,"payload":19},"01a0e1ac-767d-77d1-bb80-407a0e72d9c4","Sort these nouns by the ending to attach when saying what someone or something was, using the lesson’s polite past forms.",0,"Attach 이었어요 after a noun ending in a consonant and 였어요 after a vowel-final noun. Check the noun itself, not its meaning. For example, 그때 저는 의사였어요 uses 였어요 after the vowel-final noun 의사.",[],{"items":20,"categories":35},[21,24,26,28,31,33],{"text":22,"category":23},"간호사","Attach 였어요",{"text":25,"category":23},"가수",{"text":27,"category":23},"의자",{"text":29,"category":30},"선생님","Attach 이었어요",{"text":32,"category":30},"직원",{"text":34,"category":30},"가방",[23,30],{"id":37,"sentenceTemplate":38,"displayOrder":39,"explanation":40,"blanks":41,"payload":42},"01a0e1ac-767d-7845-bb80-407a0f290ab0","Choose the polite past ending for each dictionary form. Treat 하다 predicates as a separate group.",1,"Remove 다 and check the last stem vowel: ㅏ or ㅗ takes 았어요, while other vowels take 었어요. Contractions keep this choice: 가다 becomes 갔어요 and 마시다 becomes 마셨어요. Predicates ending in 하다 use 했어요, including those describing states.",[],{"items":43,"categories":59},[44,47,49,52,54,57],{"text":45,"category":46},"가다","Past with 았어요",{"text":48,"category":46},"찾다",{"text":50,"category":51},"먹다","Past with 었어요",{"text":53,"category":51},"마시다",{"text":55,"category":56},"공부하다","Past with 했어요",{"text":58,"category":56},"조용하다",[46,51,56],{"id":61,"sentenceTemplate":62,"displayOrder":63,"explanation":64,"blanks":65,"payload":66},"01a0e1ac-767d-7895-bb80-407a0f606a0c","Make each polite past form with its required stem change, then sort by whether it ends in 았어요 or 었어요, including contractions.",2,"When ㅡ drops, use the preceding vowel to choose 았어요 or 었어요; with no preceding vowel, use 었어요. For 르 irregulars, the preceding vowel also decides the ending. Thus 바쁘다 and 모르다 use 았어요, while 부르다 uses 었어요. With 춥다, ㅂ changes to 우 and combines with 었어요.",[],{"items":67,"categories":82},[68,71,73,75,78,80],{"text":69,"category":70},"바쁘다","았어요, including contractions",{"text":72,"category":70},"모르다",{"text":74,"category":70},"아프다",{"text":76,"category":77},"쓰다","었어요, including contractions",{"text":79,"category":77},"춥다",{"text":81,"category":77},"부르다",[70,77],{"id":84,"sentenceTemplate":85,"displayOrder":10,"explanation":86,"blanks":87,"payload":88},"01a0e1ac-767d-78dd-bb80-407a0f884215","Sort these verbs by whether the stem-final consonant stays unchanged when you make the polite past form. For 걷다, use the meaning to walk.","The past ending does not remove ㄹ from 살다 or 놀다. Irregular 듣다 and 걷다 change ㄷ to ㄹ, while irregular 낫다 loses ㅅ before the vowel-initial ending. These changes belong to particular verbs: regular 받다 keeps ㄷ in 받았어요, so a final ㄷ alone does not tell you that a verb is irregular.",[],{"items":89,"categories":104},[90,93,95,97,100,102],{"text":91,"category":92},"듣다","Final consonant changes or disappears",{"text":94,"category":92},"낫다",{"text":96,"category":92},"걷다",{"text":98,"category":99},"살다","Final consonant stays unchanged",{"text":101,"category":99},"놀다",{"text":103,"category":99},"받다",[92,99],{"id":106,"sentenceTemplate":107,"displayOrder":108,"explanation":109,"blanks":110,"payload":111},"01a0e1ac-767d-7925-bb80-407a0ffdf7bb","Sort each negative phrase by both its tense form and its meaning. Use the ending shown, without imagining an extra time expression.",4,"안 and 지 않다 negate an action without inherently expressing inability; 못 and 지 못하다 express inability. Neither 안 nor 못 marks past time by itself. In short negatives the main verb carries the past ending; in long negatives 않다 or 못하다 carries it. Present forms lack this past marking.",[],{"items":112,"categories":133},[113,116,118,121,123,126,128,131],{"text":114,"category":115},"안 샀어요","Past: negates the action",{"text":117,"category":115},"기다리지 않았어요",{"text":119,"category":120},"못 샀어요","Past: expresses inability",{"text":122,"category":120},"기다리지 못했어요",{"text":124,"category":125},"안 사요","Present: negates the action",{"text":127,"category":125},"기다리지 않아요",{"text":129,"category":130},"못 사요","Present: expresses inability",{"text":132,"category":130},"기다리지 못해요",[115,120,125,130],"\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_23c72451-bd4b-48a9-8be8-7da5b376050f_hero.webp?v=1790492571",{"title":136,"slug":137,"language":138,"level":139},"'-았\u002F었-' 과거 시제","at-eot-gwageo-sije","ko","A2"]