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Other","another-other-others-the-other",70.75,{"id":474,"title":475,"slug":476,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":477},"019b7f43-6879-7d25-94aa-fe53784d39c4","Clauses & Linking Words (Cause, Effect, Contrast, Purpose)","cause-and-effect",71,{"id":479,"title":480,"slug":481,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":482},"019b93a4-f831-7564-898b-bd3291f2af79","Second Conditional","second-conditional",72,{"id":484,"title":485,"slug":486,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":487},"019b93bb-80fa-76ce-8b72-e7352b6083b0","Third Conditional","third-conditional",73,{"id":489,"title":490,"slug":491,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":492},"019b9421-c1ca-7371-93ae-96dd1106e47c","Reported speech \u002F Indirect speech","reported-speech-indirect-speech",74,{"id":494,"title":495,"slug":496,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":497},"019dfd54-bbaf-7b5b-921a-1fb3d0c2a2a6","Gerund vs Infinitive","gerund-vs-infinitive",74.5,{"id":499,"title":500,"slug":501,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":502},"01a0e1ab-d5d8-7484-8fca-82bc3d0644d7","Indirect Questions with If, Whether and Question Words","indirect-questions-with-if-whether-and-question-words",74.51,{"id":504,"title":505,"slug":506,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":507},"01a0e1ab-d564-7990-a767-ffb4264741b3","Be Used to and Get Used to","be-used-to-and-get-used-to",74.52,{"id":509,"title":510,"slug":511,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":512},"01a0e1ab-d5fd-7a5b-8f33-7d17c98ef74a","So Do I and Neither Do I","so-do-i-and-neither-do-i",74.53,{"id":514,"title":515,"slug":516,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":517},"01a0e1ab-d627-7249-805f-9514f407e8a4","Verbs with Two Objects: To and For","verbs-with-two-objects-to-and-for",74.54,{"id":519,"title":520,"slug":521,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":522},"01a0e1ab-d621-75b7-8c67-9601c998b52e","Verbs with Dependent Prepositions","verbs-with-dependent-prepositions",74.55,{"id":524,"title":525,"slug":526,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":527},"01a0e1ab-d5eb-7838-9223-95e410fff7b9","Nouns with Dependent Prepositions","nouns-with-dependent-prepositions",74.56,{"id":529,"title":530,"slug":531,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":532},"01a0e1ab-d5cc-783e-9492-99f1542755f2","Had Better: Advice and Warnings","had-better-advice-and-warnings",74.57,{"id":534,"title":535,"slug":536,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":538},"019b986e-3c6a-72a3-9d42-65053d9e4657","Past Perfect (B2)","past-perfect-b2","B2",75,{"id":540,"title":541,"slug":542,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":543},"019b9875-a5b8-753a-8892-02d60cf124f3","Past Perfect Continuous","past-perfect-continuous",76,{"id":545,"title":546,"slug":547,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":548},"019b98ad-b43d-70eb-9bf8-98360d4b8745","Narrative tenses","narrative-tenses",77,{"id":550,"title":551,"slug":552,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":553},"019b98bb-42d1-7d70-8952-3f7934673d2c","Would - Expressing habits in the past","would-expressing-habits-in-the-past",78,{"id":555,"title":556,"slug":557,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":558},"019b98bd-abbe-77ac-84ec-e3ed78abff75","Future Continuous (B2)","future-continuous-b2",79,{"id":560,"title":561,"slug":562,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":563},"019b996c-756a-7595-8991-7fbfd497bca0","Future Perfect","future-perfect",80,{"id":565,"title":566,"slug":567,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":568},"019b9973-ccc0-7aea-94b3-d59ca2b27d38","Future Perfect Continuous","future-perfect-continuous",81,{"id":570,"title":571,"slug":572,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":573},"019dfde9-8a73-7247-ac3c-834f3e800f0a","Future in the Past","future-in-the-past",81.5,{"id":575,"title":576,"slug":577,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":578},"019b997c-1273-7267-bc94-e10133989373","Adjectives and Adverbs","adjectives-and-adverbs",82,{"id":580,"title":581,"slug":582,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":583},"019dfd9b-c2c7-7f83-b2ce-1554f06f427c","Discourse Markers","discourse-markers",82.5,{"id":585,"title":586,"slug":587,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":588},"019ba3df-b04f-7684-9f23-1939e873ec29","Defining & non-defining relative clauses","defining-non-defining-relative-clauses",83,{"id":590,"title":591,"slug":592,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":593},"019ba3fc-5f03-7360-a405-79bca6f524d2","Passive voice","passive-voice",84,{"id":595,"title":596,"slug":597,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":598},"019ba7c7-5eb8-76f4-a04c-ce82fa1b4568","Passive Voice: Additional Uses and Nuances","passive-voice-additional-uses-and-nuances",85,{"id":600,"title":601,"slug":602,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":603},"019dfdfa-7403-7489-8772-2ee826b8e57b","There vs It","there-vs-it",85.5,{"id":605,"title":606,"slug":607,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":608},"019ba7d2-7094-7519-b0f1-7b9c0b8d1a84","Deduction & Speculation (Modals)","deduction-speculation-modals",86,{"id":610,"title":611,"slug":612,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":613},"019ba7e3-8713-7c45-a547-be8a80ad5763","Modals (can’t have & needn’t have)","modals-cant-have-neednt-have",87,{"id":615,"title":616,"slug":617,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":618},"019ba7f0-c7aa-7cb5-820b-7cf90b088c6d","Wish (Expressing Regret, Desire, and Imagined Situations)","wish-expressing-regret-desire-and-imagined-situations",88,{"id":620,"title":621,"slug":622,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":623},"019ba801-1386-70f7-b6f1-0000e045cc8b","Mixed Conditionals","mixed-conditionals",89,{"id":625,"title":626,"slug":627,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":628},"019ba80b-0997-7e31-aec6-b14a79efe69e","Reported Speech","reported-speech",90,{"id":630,"title":631,"slug":632,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":633},"019dfdf1-5b30-731a-b71e-63d79f5a409b","Verb Patterns","verb-patterns",90.5,{"id":635,"title":636,"slug":637,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":638},"01a0e1ab-d608-72f0-ae7b-02084e6afb58","Subject-Verb Agreement with Complex Subjects","subject-verb-agreement-with-complex-subjects",90.51,{"id":640,"title":641,"slug":642,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":643},"01a0e1ab-d5f1-7df8-9e70-f2c2ebdb7f87","Participle Clauses for Time, Reason and Result","participle-clauses-for-time-reason-and-result",90.52,{"id":645,"title":646,"slug":647,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":648},"01a0e1ab-d5b1-734c-b34d-419db9e26b1d","Emphatic Do, Does and Did","emphatic-do-does-and-did",90.53,{"id":650,"title":651,"slug":652,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":653},"01a0e1ab-d633-7103-8c29-0ff220ac6d29","Would Rather, Would Prefer and Prefer","would-rather-would-prefer-and-prefer",90.54,{"id":655,"title":656,"slug":657,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":658},"01a0e1ab-d614-7ce6-bb2b-df1c89246cd8","That-Clauses and Whether-Clauses as Complements","that-clauses-and-whether-clauses-as-complements",90.55,{"id":660,"title":661,"slug":662,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":664},"019ba879-7d5a-7e14-8941-8c79d67c94ed","Narrative tenses for experience, incl. passive","narrative-tenses-for-experience-incl-passive","C1",91,{"id":666,"title":667,"slug":668,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":669},"019ba883-e2dd-7cf2-becf-a1b53f06feaa","Future Tenses (Revision)","future-tenses-revision",92,{"id":671,"title":672,"slug":673,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":674},"019ba891-4e3d-7714-b92c-7cab6023957a","Mixed Conditionals (Past, present & future)","mixed-conditionals-past-present-future",93,{"id":676,"title":677,"slug":678,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":679},"019ba897-8cbb-7842-ad6e-c6e11ffa1701","Wish \u002F If only (Regrets)","wish-if-only-regrets",94,{"id":681,"title":682,"slug":683,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":684},"019ba8a9-71c4-7787-96a0-6a02f8a55e49","Passive Forms","passive-forms",95,{"id":686,"title":687,"slug":688,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":689},"019ba8b8-bc3e-7662-8e7a-4c432325ad08","Modals in the past","modals-in-the-past",96,{"id":691,"title":692,"slug":693,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":694},"019dfe19-a32b-7ab1-9be5-4aebce963308","Modal Verbs: Will, Would & Should","modal-verbs-will-would-should",96.5,{"id":696,"title":697,"slug":698,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":699},"019dfe2a-3524-779c-9c22-273be8bd4134","Modal Verbs: Can, Could, May & Might","modal-verbs-can-could-may-might",96.75,{"id":701,"title":702,"slug":703,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":704},"019ba8c3-4434-78e7-a2af-f992da01a459","Inversion with negative adverbials","inversion-with-negative-adverbials",97,{"id":706,"title":707,"slug":708,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":709},"01a0e1ab-d5aa-756b-b06b-76ca59800cb2","Ellipsis with Auxiliaries and Infinitives","ellipsis-with-auxiliaries-and-infinitives",97.01,{"id":711,"title":712,"slug":713,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":714},"01a0e1ab-d60e-7755-901b-763344a63a75","Substitution with Do So, So and Not","substitution-with-do-so-so-and-not",97.02,{"id":716,"title":717,"slug":718,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":719},"01a0e1ab-d57e-70e9-98fe-8107fd9c38c1","Complex Noun Phrases: Modification and Complementation","complex-noun-phrases-modification-and-complementation",97.03,{"id":721,"title":722,"slug":723,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":724},"01a0e1ab-d5e5-73b5-b5bc-53d16d704466","Nominalisation and Noun-Based Style","nominalisation-and-noun-based-style",97.04,{"id":726,"title":727,"slug":728,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":729},"01a0e1ab-d61b-7161-8c0a-c5eded00cf86","The Subjunctive in Demands and Recommendations","the-subjunctive-in-demands-and-recommendations",97.05,{"id":731,"title":732,"slug":733,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":734},"01a0e1ab-d56c-78aa-b897-1469dd6a3315","Cleft Sentences: It-Clefts, Wh-Clefts and All-Clefts","cleft-sentences-it-clefts-wh-clefts-and-all-clefts",97.06,{"id":736,"title":737,"slug":738,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":739},"01a0e1ab-d594-7dd6-9ff4-94959247d273","Concession with Whatever, No Matter and As","concession-with-whatever-no-matter-and-as",97.07,{"id":741,"title":742,"slug":743,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":745},"01a0e1ab-d542-7721-9c84-6e47716ee54b","Absolute and Verbless Supplementary Clauses","absolute-and-verbless-supplementary-clauses","C2",98,{"id":747,"title":748,"slug":749,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":750},"01a0e1ab-d5bf-7022-8177-a107314b83fb","Free Relative Clauses: Reference and Ambiguity","free-relative-clauses-reference-and-ambiguity",99,{"id":752,"title":753,"slug":754,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":755},"01a0e1ab-d5c5-7677-85af-023326574682","Gapping and Shared Elements in Coordination","gapping-and-shared-elements-in-coordination",100,{"id":757,"title":758,"slug":759,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":760},"01a0e1ab-d59c-7289-a960-fc9da7101a43","Dislocation and Resumptive Pronouns in Spoken Discourse","dislocation-and-resumptive-pronouns-in-spoken-discourse",101,{"id":762,"title":763,"slug":764,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":765},"01a0e1ab-d5de-7245-aaf8-c59b501eafc4","Negation, Quantifier Scope and Ambiguity","negation-quantifier-scope-and-ambiguity",102,{"id":716,"title":717,"slug":718,"seoDescription":767,"content":768,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":719,"grammarTopics":769,"createdAt":775,"updatedAt":776,"vocabularyLists":777,"primaryTopicHub":778,"readyImages":780},"Learn how complex noun phrases combine heads, modifiers and complements, and how clause choice, word order and punctuation shape meaning and clarity.","Complex noun phrases allow you to identify people and things precisely, express relationships and package detailed information around a noun. At C1, the challenge is not simply adding detail: it is distinguishing modification from complementation and arranging that detail so the meaning remains clear.\n\n## 1. Find the head and its dependents\n\nThe **head** is the central noun in a noun phrase. Other elements determine its reference, describe it or complete a relationship expressed by it.\n\nConsider **the committee’s unexpected rejection of the revised proposal at yesterday’s meeting**.\n\n| Element | Function in this phrase |\n| --- | --- |\n| the committee’s | Possessive determiner: identifies whose rejection |\n| unexpected | Premodifier: describes the rejection |\n| rejection | Head noun |\n| of the revised proposal | Complement: identifies what was rejected |\n| at yesterday’s meeting | Postmodifier: locates the rejection in time |\n\nA complex noun phrase can contain another noun phrase: **the revised proposal** is inside the complement above. This nesting lets writers express several connected relationships within one phrase.\n\nIn ordinary cases, subject–verb agreement follows the head, not a nearby noun inside a dependent phrase:\n\n:::example\n**The rejection** of several proposals **was** unexpected.\n\n**The proposals** rejected by the committee **were** expensive.\n:::\n\n## 2. Distinguish modifiers from complements\n\nA **modifier** adds a description or helps identify the referent. A **complement** supplies content or a participant in a relationship expressed by the head noun. The noun often determines which form its complement takes.\n\nCompare:\n\n- **the report on the top shelf**: the location modifies *report*; the noun does not require a particular location expression.\n- **her reliance on external funding**: *on external funding* complements *reliance*, identifying what she relies on.\n- **the claim that the figures were inaccurate**: the clause gives the content of the claim.\n\nComplementation is especially common with nouns expressing attitudes, relationships, statements and actions.\n\n| Head noun | Typical complement pattern | Example |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| reliance | on + noun phrase | reliance **on temporary staff** |\n| access | to + noun phrase | access **to confidential records** |\n| awareness | of + noun phrase | awareness **of the risks** |\n| belief | that-clause | the belief **that change is possible** |\n| decision | to-infinitive clause | the decision **to postpone the vote** |\n\n:::warning\n**Optional does not mean modifier.** A complement can be left unexpressed when its content is understood: *Their decision surprised us.* Adding *to withdraw* supplies the content of that decision, not merely an extra description.\n:::\n\nThe distinction is not always sharp. An **of-phrase** is not automatically a complement: compare **the destruction of the bridge**, where the bridge is what was destroyed, with **a woman of exceptional courage**, where the phrase describes a quality. Some cases receive different analyses in different grammatical frameworks; the intended relationship matters more than a mechanical label.\n\n## 3. Build premodification and postmodification\n\n**Premodifiers** come before the head. They commonly include adjectives, participles and nouns. **Postmodifiers** follow the head and can contain more substantial information.\n\n| Position or form | Example | Contribution |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Adjective before the head | a **highly controversial** recommendation | Evaluation |\n| Participial form before the head | the **recently published** findings | Status or result |\n| Noun before the head | a **government** report | Type or association |\n| Prepositional phrase after the head | the report **on the desk** | Location |\n| Relative clause after the head | the report **which you requested** | Identification |\n| Participial clause after the head | the report **submitted yesterday** | Identification through an action |\n\nAn adjective with its own complement often follows the noun:\n\n- candidates **suitable for the role**\n- an approach **consistent with our aims**\n- staff **willing to work abroad**\n\nCompare **a suitable candidate** with **a candidate suitable for the role**. The longer adjective phrase sits naturally after the noun; do not write *a suitable for the role candidate*.\n\nKeep a head and its complement close together where possible:\n\n:::example\n**Clear:** the committee’s decision **to close the branch** after months of debate\n\n**Clearer about the timing:** After months of debate, the committee decided to close the branch.\n:::\n\nIn the first version, the final phrase could describe when the decision was made or when the closure would happen. Moving information outside the noun phrase can remove that ambiguity.\n\n## 4. Separate content clauses from relative clauses\n\nA **content clause** expresses the substance of a claim, belief, possibility or similar idea. A **relative clause** describes or identifies the noun’s referent.\n\n:::example\n**Content:** the claim **that the company concealed the losses**\n\nWhat was claimed? The company concealed the losses.\n\n**Relative:** the claim **that the company denied**\n\nWhich claim? The one the company denied.\n:::\n\nIn the content clause, **that** introduces a complete statement: *the company concealed the losses*. It has no subject or object role inside that statement.\n\nIn the relative clause, the head noun corresponds to a role inside the clause: *the company denied the claim*. Here, **that** links to the missing object of *denied*.\n\n| Test | Content clause | Relative clause |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Does it state the noun’s content? | Yes | Not necessarily |\n| Does the head correspond to a role within the clause? | No | Yes |\n| Can relative *which* replace *that* here? | No | Yes: the claim **which the company denied** |\n\nContent clauses can also be introduced by **whether**: **the question whether the scheme is affordable**. The variant **the question of whether the scheme is affordable** is also standard.\n\n## 5. Interpret non-finite clauses carefully\n\nInfinitive and participial clauses make noun phrases compact, but their relationship to the head must remain clear.\n\n| Noun phrase | Interpretation |\n| --- | --- |\n| Maya’s decision **to resign** | Maya decided that she would resign; the infinitive gives the decision’s content. |\n| a document **to sign** | Someone is to sign the document; the head corresponds to the object of *sign*. |\n| the first delegate **to arrive** | The delegate arrived first; the head corresponds to the subject of *arrive*. |\n| delegates **waiting outside** | Delegates who are waiting outside |\n| documents **signed yesterday** | Documents that were signed yesterday |\n\nDo not assume that an infinitive after a noun is always a complement. In **a document to sign**, it identifies a document through an intended action rather than supplying the content of *document*.\n\nA **for + noun phrase + to-infinitive** construction can make the infinitive’s subject explicit:\n\n:::example\nWe need a room **for the delegates to meet in**.\n\nThe delegates will meet in the room. **The delegates** is the subject of *meet*; **room** corresponds to the complement of *in*.\n:::\n\nParticipial clauses do not independently mark tense. **The people waiting outside** can refer to people waiting now or at a past time established by the surrounding sentence.\n\n## 6. Control attachment and punctuation\n\n**Attachment** means which expression a modifier belongs to. With several nouns close together, readers may attach a modifier to the wrong one.\n\n**a photograph of the director with a damaged frame** is awkward because *with a damaged frame* is separated from *photograph* by another noun phrase.\n\nPrefer **a photograph with a damaged frame showing the director**, or use a separate clause: **The photograph of the director had a damaged frame.**\n\nPunctuation also changes how information is presented:\n\n:::example\nThe researchers **who had completed the training** entered the laboratory.\n\nThe relative clause identifies which researchers entered; it selects a group from a potentially larger set.\n\nThe researchers, **who had completed the training**, entered the laboratory.\n\nThe researchers are already identified. The clause adds supplementary information about all of them.\n:::\n\n:::note\nDo not insert commas simply because a noun phrase is long. Use them to mark supplementary information. In standard written English, supplementary relative clauses use forms such as **who** or **which**, not **that**.\n:::\n\n## 7. Check a complex noun phrase\n\nBefore keeping a densely packed noun phrase, ask:\n\n1. **What is the head?** Check agreement against it, not against a nearby dependent noun.\n2. **What completes its meaning?** Check the complement pattern required by that noun.\n3. **What merely describes or identifies it?** Place each modifier near its intended target.\n4. **What relationship does each clause express?** Distinguish content from a relative connection.\n5. **Is the information identifying or supplementary?** Choose punctuation accordingly.\n6. **Can readers understand it on the first reading?** If not, move some information into a separate clause.\n\nComplexity is useful when it makes relationships precise. When it hides those relationships, a less crowded structure is the stronger choice.",[770],{"id":771,"name":772,"level":663,"language":9,"isCompleted":773,"completionPercentage":774,"totalExercises":26,"completedExercises":774},"01a0e1ab-d504-739c-a9ba-cdb44465500f","Complex noun phrases and nominalisation",false,0,"2026-09-27T07:02:10+00:00","2026-10-14T10:40:29+00:00",[],{"name":772,"slug":779,"language":9},"complex-noun-phrases-and-nominalisation-c1",[],{"id":771,"name":772,"slug":779,"language":9,"level":663,"introduction":782,"lessonCount":16,"totalExercises":26,"objectives":783,"prerequisites":787,"lessons":789},"Formal English packs much of its meaning into noun phrases. First learn how heads, modifiers and complements combine into a clear long noun phrase; then turn verbs and adjectives into nouns to write in a compact academic style without losing who did what.",[784,785,786],"Build and punctuate noun phrases with pre-modifiers, post-modifiers and complements.","Form nominalisations from verbs and adjectives and link ideas with them.","Judge when a noun-based style becomes too dense or impersonal and rewrite it.",[788],"Use B2 relative clauses, participle clauses and noun complements.",[790,802],{"id":716,"contentId":791,"slug":718,"title":717,"level":663,"summary":792,"order":11,"exercises":793},"pg_0ece08b9-0e52-4179-9a6e-adeba8c53d2d","Breaks complex noun phrases into head, pre- and post-modifiers and complements, showing how clause choice, order and punctuation affect clarity.",[794,798],{"id":795,"title":796,"order":774,"type":797},"01a0e1ab-d795-7211-9e8d-d6323e14a5d0","Complex Noun Phrases: Modification and Complementation — Forms in Context","word_select",{"id":799,"title":800,"order":11,"type":801},"01a0e1ab-d7ba-705a-9561-b53b289c2417","Complex Noun Phrases: Modification and Complementation — Build the Sentences","sentence_builder",{"id":721,"contentId":803,"slug":723,"title":722,"level":663,"summary":804,"order":16,"exercises":805},"pg_5f3603d0-ca4f-4e6f-9a92-7653e3956a05","Forms nouns from verbs and adjectives to build formal, noun-based prose, and shows when nominalisation hides meaning or becomes too dense.",[806,809],{"id":807,"title":808,"order":774,"type":797},"01a0e1ab-dbec-7249-a148-55c49acdfe5b","Nominalisation and Noun-Based Style — Forms in Context",{"id":810,"title":811,"order":11,"type":801},"01a0e1ab-dc0a-7cfd-bf72-974fd4994780","Nominalisation and Noun-Based Style — Build the Sentences",[813,819],{"@id":814,"@type":815,"id":795,"grammarPage":816,"title":796,"instructions":817,"displayOrder":774,"type":797,"questionCount":91,"blankCount":146,"isCompleted":773,"ogImageUrl":818},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a0e1ab-d795-7211-9e8d-d6323e14a5d0","GrammarExercise","\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_pages\u002F01a0e1ab-d57e-70e9-98fe-8107fd9c38c1","Choose the option that completes each sentence in context.","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_03f087b1-6dff-442f-a5d6-369116fa94a6_hero.webp?v=1790492530",{"@id":820,"@type":815,"id":799,"grammarPage":816,"title":800,"instructions":821,"displayOrder":11,"type":801,"questionCount":66,"blankCount":66,"isCompleted":773,"ogImageUrl":822},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a0e1ab-d7ba-705a-9561-b53b289c2417","Arrange the tiles to build each sentence. Leave out the extra word.","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_aaad91d3-6245-42a9-ac44-bc87f7439bb1_hero.webp?v=1790492530",{"id":795,"grammarPage":816,"title":796,"instructions":817,"seoTitle":824,"seoDescription":825,"displayOrder":774,"type":797,"questions":826,"ogImageUrl":818},"Complex Noun Phrases: Forms and Relationships","Practise complex noun phrases in gap-fill sentences about projects, workplace decisions and research, focusing on structure, meaning and punctuation.",[827],{"id":828,"sentenceTemplate":829,"displayOrder":774,"explanation":830,"exampleSentence":831,"blanks":832},"01a0e1ab-d795-74d1-9e8d-d632403c39b7","The unexpected cancellation of the two public consultations __1__ caused considerable concern.","The singular head cancellation controls agreement, so has caused is correct. The plural consultations belongs to the dependent of-phrase; it does not control the verb. Are cannot form the active perfect here.","Several objections to the revised timetable have delayed its introduction.",[833],{"id":834,"blankNumber":11,"options":835},"01a0e1ab-d795-7475-9e8d-d6323ff86139",[836,839,843],{"id":837,"optionText":838,"isCorrect":773,"displayOrder":774},"01a0e1ab-d795-73d5-9e8d-d6323e531e02","have",{"id":840,"optionText":841,"isCorrect":842,"displayOrder":11},"01a0e1ab-d795-7421-9e8d-d6323f01ff1e","has",true,{"id":844,"optionText":845,"isCorrect":773,"displayOrder":16},"01a0e1ab-d795-744d-9e8d-d6323f287108","are",{"html":847,"toc":848},"\u003Cp>Complex noun phrases allow you to identify people and things precisely, express relationships and package detailed information around a noun. At C1, the challenge is not simply adding detail: it is distinguishing modification from complementation and arranging that detail so the meaning remains clear.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"find-the-head-and-its-dependents\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">1.\u003C\u002Fspan>Find the head and its dependents\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>The \u003Cstrong>head\u003C\u002Fstrong> is the central noun in a noun phrase. Other elements determine its reference, describe it or complete a relationship expressed by it.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Consider \u003Cstrong>the committee’s unexpected rejection of the revised proposal at yesterday’s meeting\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>Element\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>Function in this phrase\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>the committee’s\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Possessive determiner: identifies whose rejection\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>unexpected\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Premodifier: describes the rejection\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>rejection\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Head noun\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>of the revised proposal\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Complement: identifies what was rejected\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>at yesterday’s meeting\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Postmodifier: locates the rejection in time\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>A complex noun phrase can contain another noun phrase: \u003Cstrong>the revised proposal\u003C\u002Fstrong> is inside the complement above. This nesting lets writers express several connected relationships within one phrase.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>In ordinary cases, subject–verb agreement follows the head, not a nearby noun inside a dependent phrase:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>The rejection\u003C\u002Fstrong> of several proposals \u003Cstrong>was\u003C\u002Fstrong> unexpected.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>The proposals\u003C\u002Fstrong> rejected by the committee \u003Cstrong>were\u003C\u002Fstrong> expensive.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"distinguish-modifiers-from-complements\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">2.\u003C\u002Fspan>Distinguish modifiers from complements\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>A \u003Cstrong>modifier\u003C\u002Fstrong> adds a description or helps identify the referent. A \u003Cstrong>complement\u003C\u002Fstrong> supplies content or a participant in a relationship expressed by the head noun. The noun often determines which form its complement takes.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Compare:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>the report on the top shelf\u003C\u002Fstrong>: the location modifies \u003Cem>report\u003C\u002Fem>; the noun does not require a particular location expression.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>her reliance on external funding\u003C\u002Fstrong>: \u003Cem>on external funding\u003C\u002Fem> complements \u003Cem>reliance\u003C\u002Fem>, identifying what she relies on.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>the claim that the figures were inaccurate\u003C\u002Fstrong>: the clause gives the content of the claim.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>Complementation is especially common with nouns expressing attitudes, relationships, statements and actions.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>Head noun\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>Typical complement pattern\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>Example\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>reliance\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>on + noun phrase\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>reliance \u003Cstrong>on temporary staff\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>access\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>to + noun phrase\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>access \u003Cstrong>to confidential records\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>awareness\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>of + noun phrase\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>awareness \u003Cstrong>of the risks\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>belief\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>that-clause\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>the belief \u003Cstrong>that change is possible\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>decision\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>to-infinitive clause\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>the decision \u003Cstrong>to postpone the vote\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--warning\">\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Optional does not mean modifier.\u003C\u002Fstrong> A complement can be left unexpressed when its content is understood: \u003Cem>Their decision surprised us.\u003C\u002Fem> Adding \u003Cem>to withdraw\u003C\u002Fem> supplies the content of that decision, not merely an extra description.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>The distinction is not always sharp. An \u003Cstrong>of-phrase\u003C\u002Fstrong> is not automatically a complement: compare \u003Cstrong>the destruction of the bridge\u003C\u002Fstrong>, where the bridge is what was destroyed, with \u003Cstrong>a woman of exceptional courage\u003C\u002Fstrong>, where the phrase describes a quality. Some cases receive different analyses in different grammatical frameworks; the intended relationship matters more than a mechanical label.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"build-premodification-and-postmodification\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">3.\u003C\u002Fspan>Build premodification and postmodification\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Premodifiers\u003C\u002Fstrong> come before the head. They commonly include adjectives, participles and nouns. \u003Cstrong>Postmodifiers\u003C\u002Fstrong> follow the head and can contain more substantial information.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>Position or form\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>Example\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>Contribution\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Adjective before the head\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>a \u003Cstrong>highly controversial\u003C\u002Fstrong> recommendation\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Evaluation\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Participial form before the head\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>the \u003Cstrong>recently published\u003C\u002Fstrong> findings\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Status or result\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Noun before the head\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>a \u003Cstrong>government\u003C\u002Fstrong> report\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Type or association\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Prepositional phrase after the head\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>the report \u003Cstrong>on the desk\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Location\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Relative clause after the head\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>the report \u003Cstrong>which you requested\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Identification\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Participial clause after the head\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>the report \u003Cstrong>submitted yesterday\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Identification through an action\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>An adjective with its own complement often follows the noun:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>candidates \u003Cstrong>suitable for the role\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>an approach \u003Cstrong>consistent with our aims\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>staff \u003Cstrong>willing to work abroad\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>Compare \u003Cstrong>a suitable candidate\u003C\u002Fstrong> with \u003Cstrong>a candidate suitable for the role\u003C\u002Fstrong>. The longer adjective phrase sits naturally after the noun; do not write \u003Cem>a suitable for the role candidate\u003C\u002Fem>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Keep a head and its complement close together where possible:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Clear:\u003C\u002Fstrong> the committee’s decision \u003Cstrong>to close the branch\u003C\u002Fstrong> after months of debate\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Clearer about the timing:\u003C\u002Fstrong> After months of debate, the committee decided to close the branch.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>In the first version, the final phrase could describe when the decision was made or when the closure would happen. Moving information outside the noun phrase can remove that ambiguity.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"separate-content-clauses-from-relative-clauses\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">4.\u003C\u002Fspan>Separate content clauses from relative clauses\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>A \u003Cstrong>content clause\u003C\u002Fstrong> expresses the substance of a claim, belief, possibility or similar idea. A \u003Cstrong>relative clause\u003C\u002Fstrong> describes or identifies the noun’s referent.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Content:\u003C\u002Fstrong> the claim \u003Cstrong>that the company concealed the losses\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>What was claimed? The company concealed the losses.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Relative:\u003C\u002Fstrong> the claim \u003Cstrong>that the company denied\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Which claim? The one the company denied.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>In the content clause, \u003Cstrong>that\u003C\u002Fstrong> introduces a complete statement: \u003Cem>the company concealed the losses\u003C\u002Fem>. It has no subject or object role inside that statement.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>In the relative clause, the head noun corresponds to a role inside the clause: \u003Cem>the company denied the claim\u003C\u002Fem>. Here, \u003Cstrong>that\u003C\u002Fstrong> links to the missing object of \u003Cem>denied\u003C\u002Fem>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>Test\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>Content clause\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>Relative clause\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Does it state the noun’s content?\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Yes\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Not necessarily\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Does the head correspond to a role within the clause?\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>No\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Yes\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Can relative \u003Cem>which\u003C\u002Fem> replace \u003Cem>that\u003C\u002Fem> here?\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>No\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Yes: the claim \u003Cstrong>which the company denied\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>Content clauses can also be introduced by \u003Cstrong>whether\u003C\u002Fstrong>: \u003Cstrong>the question whether the scheme is affordable\u003C\u002Fstrong>. The variant \u003Cstrong>the question of whether the scheme is affordable\u003C\u002Fstrong> is also standard.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"interpret-non-finite-clauses-carefully\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">5.\u003C\u002Fspan>Interpret non-finite clauses carefully\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>Infinitive and participial clauses make noun phrases compact, but their relationship to the head must remain clear.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>Noun phrase\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>Interpretation\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Maya’s decision \u003Cstrong>to resign\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Maya decided that she would resign; the infinitive gives the decision’s content.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>a document \u003Cstrong>to sign\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Someone is to sign the document; the head corresponds to the object of \u003Cem>sign\u003C\u002Fem>.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>the first delegate \u003Cstrong>to arrive\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>The delegate arrived first; the head corresponds to the subject of \u003Cem>arrive\u003C\u002Fem>.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>delegates \u003Cstrong>waiting outside\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Delegates who are waiting outside\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>documents \u003Cstrong>signed yesterday\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Documents that were signed yesterday\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>Do not assume that an infinitive after a noun is always a complement. In \u003Cstrong>a document to sign\u003C\u002Fstrong>, it identifies a document through an intended action rather than supplying the content of \u003Cem>document\u003C\u002Fem>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>A \u003Cstrong>for + noun phrase + to-infinitive\u003C\u002Fstrong> construction can make the infinitive’s subject explicit:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>We need a room \u003Cstrong>for the delegates to meet in\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>The delegates will meet in the room. \u003Cstrong>The delegates\u003C\u002Fstrong> is the subject of \u003Cem>meet\u003C\u002Fem>; \u003Cstrong>room\u003C\u002Fstrong> corresponds to the complement of \u003Cem>in\u003C\u002Fem>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>Participial clauses do not independently mark tense. \u003Cstrong>The people waiting outside\u003C\u002Fstrong> can refer to people waiting now or at a past time established by the surrounding sentence.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"control-attachment-and-punctuation\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">6.\u003C\u002Fspan>Control attachment and punctuation\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Attachment\u003C\u002Fstrong> means which expression a modifier belongs to. With several nouns close together, readers may attach a modifier to the wrong one.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>a photograph of the director with a damaged frame\u003C\u002Fstrong> is awkward because \u003Cem>with a damaged frame\u003C\u002Fem> is separated from \u003Cem>photograph\u003C\u002Fem> by another noun phrase.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Prefer \u003Cstrong>a photograph with a damaged frame showing the director\u003C\u002Fstrong>, or use a separate clause: \u003Cstrong>The photograph of the director had a damaged frame.\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Punctuation also changes how information is presented:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>The researchers \u003Cstrong>who had completed the training\u003C\u002Fstrong> entered the laboratory.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>The relative clause identifies which researchers entered; it selects a group from a potentially larger set.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>The researchers, \u003Cstrong>who had completed the training\u003C\u002Fstrong>, entered the laboratory.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>The researchers are already identified. The clause adds supplementary information about all of them.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--note\">\u003Cp>Do not insert commas simply because a noun phrase is long. Use them to mark supplementary information. In standard written English, supplementary relative clauses use forms such as \u003Cstrong>who\u003C\u002Fstrong> or \u003Cstrong>which\u003C\u002Fstrong>, not \u003Cstrong>that\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"check-a-complex-noun-phrase\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">7.\u003C\u002Fspan>Check a complex noun phrase\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>Before keeping a densely packed noun phrase, ask:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Col>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>What is the head?\u003C\u002Fstrong> Check agreement against it, not against a nearby dependent noun.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>What completes its meaning?\u003C\u002Fstrong> Check the complement pattern required by that noun.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>What merely describes or identifies it?\u003C\u002Fstrong> Place each modifier near its intended target.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>What relationship does each clause express?\u003C\u002Fstrong> Distinguish content from a relative connection.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Is the information identifying or supplementary?\u003C\u002Fstrong> Choose punctuation accordingly.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Can readers understand it on the first reading?\u003C\u002Fstrong> If not, move some information into a separate clause.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Fol>\n\u003Cp>Complexity is useful when it makes relationships precise. When it hides those relationships, a less crowded structure is the stronger choice.\u003C\u002Fp>\n",[849,853,857,861,865,869,873],{"id":850,"text":851,"depth":16,"number":852},"find-the-head-and-its-dependents","Find the head and its dependents","1",{"id":854,"text":855,"depth":16,"number":856},"distinguish-modifiers-from-complements","Distinguish modifiers from complements","2",{"id":858,"text":859,"depth":16,"number":860},"build-premodification-and-postmodification","Build premodification and postmodification","3",{"id":862,"text":863,"depth":16,"number":864},"separate-content-clauses-from-relative-clauses","Separate content clauses from relative clauses","4",{"id":866,"text":867,"depth":16,"number":868},"interpret-non-finite-clauses-carefully","Interpret non-finite clauses carefully","5",{"id":870,"text":871,"depth":16,"number":872},"control-attachment-and-punctuation","Control attachment and punctuation","6",{"id":874,"text":875,"depth":16,"number":876},"check-a-complex-noun-phrase","Check a complex noun phrase","7"]