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Other","another-other-others-the-other",70.75,{"id":474,"title":475,"slug":476,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":477},"019b7f43-6879-7d25-94aa-fe53784d39c4","Clauses & Linking Words (Cause, Effect, Contrast, Purpose)","cause-and-effect",71,{"id":479,"title":480,"slug":481,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":482},"019b93a4-f831-7564-898b-bd3291f2af79","Second Conditional","second-conditional",72,{"id":484,"title":485,"slug":486,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":487},"019b93bb-80fa-76ce-8b72-e7352b6083b0","Third Conditional","third-conditional",73,{"id":489,"title":490,"slug":491,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":492},"019b9421-c1ca-7371-93ae-96dd1106e47c","Reported speech \u002F Indirect speech","reported-speech-indirect-speech",74,{"id":494,"title":495,"slug":496,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":497},"019dfd54-bbaf-7b5b-921a-1fb3d0c2a2a6","Gerund vs Infinitive","gerund-vs-infinitive",74.5,{"id":499,"title":500,"slug":501,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":502},"01a0e1ab-d5d8-7484-8fca-82bc3d0644d7","Indirect Questions with If, Whether and Question Words","indirect-questions-with-if-whether-and-question-words",74.51,{"id":504,"title":505,"slug":506,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":507},"01a0e1ab-d564-7990-a767-ffb4264741b3","Be Used to and Get Used to","be-used-to-and-get-used-to",74.52,{"id":509,"title":510,"slug":511,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":512},"01a0e1ab-d5fd-7a5b-8f33-7d17c98ef74a","So Do I and Neither Do I","so-do-i-and-neither-do-i",74.53,{"id":514,"title":515,"slug":516,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":517},"01a0e1ab-d627-7249-805f-9514f407e8a4","Verbs with Two Objects: To and For","verbs-with-two-objects-to-and-for",74.54,{"id":519,"title":520,"slug":521,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":522},"01a0e1ab-d621-75b7-8c67-9601c998b52e","Verbs with Dependent Prepositions","verbs-with-dependent-prepositions",74.55,{"id":524,"title":525,"slug":526,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":527},"01a0e1ab-d5eb-7838-9223-95e410fff7b9","Nouns with Dependent Prepositions","nouns-with-dependent-prepositions",74.56,{"id":529,"title":530,"slug":531,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":532},"01a0e1ab-d5cc-783e-9492-99f1542755f2","Had Better: Advice and Warnings","had-better-advice-and-warnings",74.57,{"id":534,"title":535,"slug":536,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":538},"019b986e-3c6a-72a3-9d42-65053d9e4657","Past Perfect (B2)","past-perfect-b2","B2",75,{"id":540,"title":541,"slug":542,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":543},"019b9875-a5b8-753a-8892-02d60cf124f3","Past Perfect Continuous","past-perfect-continuous",76,{"id":545,"title":546,"slug":547,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":548},"019b98ad-b43d-70eb-9bf8-98360d4b8745","Narrative tenses","narrative-tenses",77,{"id":550,"title":551,"slug":552,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":553},"019b98bb-42d1-7d70-8952-3f7934673d2c","Would - Expressing habits in the past","would-expressing-habits-in-the-past",78,{"id":555,"title":556,"slug":557,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":558},"019b98bd-abbe-77ac-84ec-e3ed78abff75","Future Continuous (B2)","future-continuous-b2",79,{"id":560,"title":561,"slug":562,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":563},"019b996c-756a-7595-8991-7fbfd497bca0","Future Perfect","future-perfect",80,{"id":565,"title":566,"slug":567,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":568},"019b9973-ccc0-7aea-94b3-d59ca2b27d38","Future Perfect Continuous","future-perfect-continuous",81,{"id":570,"title":571,"slug":572,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":573},"019dfde9-8a73-7247-ac3c-834f3e800f0a","Future in the Past","future-in-the-past",81.5,{"id":575,"title":576,"slug":577,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":578},"019b997c-1273-7267-bc94-e10133989373","Adjectives and Adverbs","adjectives-and-adverbs",82,{"id":580,"title":581,"slug":582,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":583},"019dfd9b-c2c7-7f83-b2ce-1554f06f427c","Discourse Markers","discourse-markers",82.5,{"id":585,"title":586,"slug":587,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":588},"019ba3df-b04f-7684-9f23-1939e873ec29","Defining & non-defining relative clauses","defining-non-defining-relative-clauses",83,{"id":590,"title":591,"slug":592,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":593},"019ba3fc-5f03-7360-a405-79bca6f524d2","Passive voice","passive-voice",84,{"id":595,"title":596,"slug":597,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":598},"019ba7c7-5eb8-76f4-a04c-ce82fa1b4568","Passive Voice: Additional Uses and Nuances","passive-voice-additional-uses-and-nuances",85,{"id":600,"title":601,"slug":602,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":603},"019dfdfa-7403-7489-8772-2ee826b8e57b","There vs It","there-vs-it",85.5,{"id":605,"title":606,"slug":607,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":608},"019ba7d2-7094-7519-b0f1-7b9c0b8d1a84","Deduction & Speculation (Modals)","deduction-speculation-modals",86,{"id":610,"title":611,"slug":612,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":613},"019ba7e3-8713-7c45-a547-be8a80ad5763","Modals (can’t have & needn’t have)","modals-cant-have-neednt-have",87,{"id":615,"title":616,"slug":617,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":618},"019ba7f0-c7aa-7cb5-820b-7cf90b088c6d","Wish (Expressing Regret, Desire, and Imagined Situations)","wish-expressing-regret-desire-and-imagined-situations",88,{"id":620,"title":621,"slug":622,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":623},"019ba801-1386-70f7-b6f1-0000e045cc8b","Mixed Conditionals","mixed-conditionals",89,{"id":625,"title":626,"slug":627,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":628},"019ba80b-0997-7e31-aec6-b14a79efe69e","Reported Speech","reported-speech",90,{"id":630,"title":631,"slug":632,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":633},"019dfdf1-5b30-731a-b71e-63d79f5a409b","Verb Patterns","verb-patterns",90.5,{"id":635,"title":636,"slug":637,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":638},"01a0e1ab-d608-72f0-ae7b-02084e6afb58","Subject-Verb Agreement with Complex Subjects","subject-verb-agreement-with-complex-subjects",90.51,{"id":640,"title":641,"slug":642,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":643},"01a0e1ab-d5f1-7df8-9e70-f2c2ebdb7f87","Participle Clauses for Time, Reason and Result","participle-clauses-for-time-reason-and-result",90.52,{"id":645,"title":646,"slug":647,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":648},"01a0e1ab-d5b1-734c-b34d-419db9e26b1d","Emphatic Do, Does and Did","emphatic-do-does-and-did",90.53,{"id":650,"title":651,"slug":652,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":653},"01a0e1ab-d633-7103-8c29-0ff220ac6d29","Would Rather, Would Prefer and Prefer","would-rather-would-prefer-and-prefer",90.54,{"id":655,"title":656,"slug":657,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":658},"01a0e1ab-d614-7ce6-bb2b-df1c89246cd8","That-Clauses and Whether-Clauses as Complements","that-clauses-and-whether-clauses-as-complements",90.55,{"id":660,"title":661,"slug":662,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":664},"019ba879-7d5a-7e14-8941-8c79d67c94ed","Narrative tenses for experience, incl. passive","narrative-tenses-for-experience-incl-passive","C1",91,{"id":666,"title":667,"slug":668,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":669},"019ba883-e2dd-7cf2-becf-a1b53f06feaa","Future Tenses (Revision)","future-tenses-revision",92,{"id":671,"title":672,"slug":673,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":674},"019ba891-4e3d-7714-b92c-7cab6023957a","Mixed Conditionals (Past, present & future)","mixed-conditionals-past-present-future",93,{"id":676,"title":677,"slug":678,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":679},"019ba897-8cbb-7842-ad6e-c6e11ffa1701","Wish \u002F If only (Regrets)","wish-if-only-regrets",94,{"id":681,"title":682,"slug":683,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":684},"019ba8a9-71c4-7787-96a0-6a02f8a55e49","Passive Forms","passive-forms",95,{"id":686,"title":687,"slug":688,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":689},"019ba8b8-bc3e-7662-8e7a-4c432325ad08","Modals in the past","modals-in-the-past",96,{"id":691,"title":692,"slug":693,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":694},"019dfe19-a32b-7ab1-9be5-4aebce963308","Modal Verbs: Will, Would & Should","modal-verbs-will-would-should",96.5,{"id":696,"title":697,"slug":698,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":699},"019dfe2a-3524-779c-9c22-273be8bd4134","Modal Verbs: Can, Could, May & Might","modal-verbs-can-could-may-might",96.75,{"id":701,"title":702,"slug":703,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":704},"019ba8c3-4434-78e7-a2af-f992da01a459","Inversion with negative adverbials","inversion-with-negative-adverbials",97,{"id":706,"title":707,"slug":708,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":709},"01a0e1ab-d5aa-756b-b06b-76ca59800cb2","Ellipsis with Auxiliaries and Infinitives","ellipsis-with-auxiliaries-and-infinitives",97.01,{"id":711,"title":712,"slug":713,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":714},"01a0e1ab-d60e-7755-901b-763344a63a75","Substitution with Do So, So and Not","substitution-with-do-so-so-and-not",97.02,{"id":716,"title":717,"slug":718,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":719},"01a0e1ab-d57e-70e9-98fe-8107fd9c38c1","Complex Noun Phrases: Modification and Complementation","complex-noun-phrases-modification-and-complementation",97.03,{"id":721,"title":722,"slug":723,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":724},"01a0e1ab-d5e5-73b5-b5bc-53d16d704466","Nominalisation and Noun-Based Style","nominalisation-and-noun-based-style",97.04,{"id":726,"title":727,"slug":728,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":729},"01a0e1ab-d61b-7161-8c0a-c5eded00cf86","The Subjunctive in Demands and Recommendations","the-subjunctive-in-demands-and-recommendations",97.05,{"id":731,"title":732,"slug":733,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":734},"01a0e1ab-d56c-78aa-b897-1469dd6a3315","Cleft Sentences: It-Clefts, Wh-Clefts and All-Clefts","cleft-sentences-it-clefts-wh-clefts-and-all-clefts",97.06,{"id":736,"title":737,"slug":738,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":739},"01a0e1ab-d594-7dd6-9ff4-94959247d273","Concession with Whatever, No Matter and As","concession-with-whatever-no-matter-and-as",97.07,{"id":741,"title":742,"slug":743,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":745},"01a0e1ab-d542-7721-9c84-6e47716ee54b","Absolute and Verbless Supplementary Clauses","absolute-and-verbless-supplementary-clauses","C2",98,{"id":747,"title":748,"slug":749,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":750},"01a0e1ab-d5bf-7022-8177-a107314b83fb","Free Relative Clauses: Reference and Ambiguity","free-relative-clauses-reference-and-ambiguity",99,{"id":752,"title":753,"slug":754,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":755},"01a0e1ab-d5c5-7677-85af-023326574682","Gapping and Shared Elements in Coordination","gapping-and-shared-elements-in-coordination",100,{"id":757,"title":758,"slug":759,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":760},"01a0e1ab-d59c-7289-a960-fc9da7101a43","Dislocation and Resumptive Pronouns in Spoken Discourse","dislocation-and-resumptive-pronouns-in-spoken-discourse",101,{"id":762,"title":763,"slug":764,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":765},"01a0e1ab-d5de-7245-aaf8-c59b501eafc4","Negation, Quantifier Scope and Ambiguity","negation-quantifier-scope-and-ambiguity",102,{"id":344,"title":345,"slug":346,"seoDescription":767,"content":768,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":347,"grammarTopics":769,"createdAt":775,"updatedAt":776,"vocabularyLists":777,"readyImages":778},"Learn how English compound nouns and noun modifiers work: choose word order, use singular modifiers, form plurals, and check spaces and hyphens.","English often puts words together to name one thing: a **bus stop**, a **bedroom** or a **toothbrush**. These are compound nouns. You will learn how to order the words, use nouns to describe other nouns, form plurals and check spelling.\n\n## 1. Two words, one name\n\nA **compound noun** has two or more parts that work together as one name. Many compound nouns are made from two nouns.\n\nThe last noun usually tells you what the thing is. The first noun gives more information: what kind, what for or where.\n\n| Compound noun | What is it? | More information |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| **bus stop** | A stop | For buses |\n| **coffee cup** | A cup | For coffee |\n| **kitchen table** | A table | In a kitchen |\n| **apple juice** | Juice | Made from apples |\n\n:::example\nWe waited at the **bus stop**.\n\nPut the plates on the **kitchen table**.\n\nWould you like some **apple juice**?\n:::\n\nNot every compound noun begins with a noun. For example, **blackboard** combines the adjective *black* and the noun *board*.\n\n## 2. Put the describing noun first\n\nA noun before another noun is called a **noun modifier**. It describes the noun after it. This pattern appears in many compound nouns and other noun combinations.\n\nUse **describing noun + main noun**:\n\n- A shop that sells shoes → a **shoe shop**.\n- A door for a car → a **car door**.\n- A bag for school → a **school bag**.\n\nWord order matters. A **school bus** is a kind of bus, not a kind of school.\n\n:::note\nA **coffee cup** names a type of cup. It can be empty.\n\nA **cup of coffee** tells us what is in the cup.\n\n“I washed the **coffee cups**, then made a **cup of coffee**.”\n:::\n\n## 3. Use a singular modifier in most cases\n\nThe first noun is usually singular, even when it refers to several things.\n\nA **shoe shop** sells many shoes. We still use **shoe**, not *shoes*, before *shop*.\n\nTo make these combinations plural, change the main noun:\n\n| One | More than one |\n| --- | --- |\n| A **bus stop** | Two **bus stops** |\n| A **shoe shop** | Three **shoe shops** |\n| A **toothbrush** | Four **toothbrushes** |\n| A **businesswoman** | Two **businesswomen** |\n\nThe main noun keeps its usual plural form: **woman → women**.\n\n:::warning\nUse **two shoe shops**, not *two shoes shops*.\n\nHowever, some common combinations have a plural first word: **sports centre** and **clothes shop**. Learn these as complete expressions.\n:::\n\n## 4. Check spaces and hyphens\n\nCompound nouns have three common spellings. A hyphen is the short line in **sister-in-law**.\n\n| Spelling | Examples |\n| --- | --- |\n| Separate words | **bus stop**, **shoe shop** |\n| One word | **bedroom**, **toothbrush** |\n| With hyphens | **sister-in-law**, **check-in** |\n\nThere is no simple spelling rule for every compound noun. Check a learner’s dictionary when you are unsure.\n\n:::example\nMy **bedroom** is upstairs.\n\nMy **sister-in-law** lives near us.\n\n**Check-in** opens at six.\n:::\n\nIn **sister-in-law**, the main noun is *sister*, so the plural is **sisters-in-law**, not *sister-in-laws*.\n\n## 5. Use singular units before a noun\n\nWe also use a number and a unit, such as *hour* or *year*, together to describe a noun. Before the noun, keep the unit singular and use a hyphen.\n\n| Ordinary description | Before a noun |\n| --- | --- |\n| The journey takes two hours. | A **two-hour journey** |\n| The course lasts three weeks. | A **three-week course** |\n| The child is five years old. | A **five-year-old child** |\n\n:::warning\nWrite **a two-hour journey**, not *a two-hours journey*.\n\nBut write “The journey takes **two hours**.” Here, *hours* is not before another noun, so it is plural.\n:::\n\n## 6. Quick checklist\n\nWhen you use a compound noun or a noun modifier:\n\n1. Identify the main thing: a **bus stop** is a stop.\n2. Put the describing noun first: **shoe shop**.\n3. Usually keep that first noun singular: **shoe shops**.\n4. Check special forms and spelling: **sports centre**, **toothbrush**, **sisters-in-law**.\n5. With a number and unit before a noun, use a singular unit and hyphens: **a two-hour journey**.",[770],{"id":771,"name":772,"level":186,"language":9,"isCompleted":773,"completionPercentage":774,"totalExercises":41,"completedExercises":774},"01a0e1ab-d4b6-75ad-b023-c282ee407bfa","Compound nouns and noun modifiers",false,0,"2026-09-27T07:02:10+00:00","2026-10-14T10:40:29+00:00",[],[],null,[781,790,797,804,810,817],{"@id":782,"@type":783,"id":784,"grammarPage":785,"title":786,"instructions":787,"displayOrder":774,"type":788,"questionCount":91,"blankCount":91,"isCompleted":773,"ogImageUrl":789},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a0e1ab-d7cb-7197-b3a4-074b658f774c","GrammarExercise","01a0e1ab-d7cb-7197-b3a4-074b658f774c","\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_pages\u002F01a0e1ab-d58d-7537-97a7-c16d7505964c","Compound Nouns and Noun Modifiers — Forms in Context","Choose the option that completes each sentence in context.","word_select","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_1a27d676-21f3-4a3b-8251-b6751888add5_hero.webp?v=1790492530",{"@id":791,"@type":783,"id":792,"grammarPage":785,"title":793,"instructions":794,"displayOrder":11,"type":795,"questionCount":51,"blankCount":774,"isCompleted":773,"ogImageUrl":796},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a0e1ab-d7e6-7187-b22e-5d3a6a04d214","01a0e1ab-d7e6-7187-b22e-5d3a6a04d214","Compound Nouns and Noun Modifiers — Find and Correct the Error","Find the incorrect word and choose its correction.","find_and_fix","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_80ab42f2-9c9e-40b7-a849-223f5431bd39_hero.webp?v=1790492530",{"@id":798,"@type":783,"id":799,"grammarPage":785,"title":800,"instructions":801,"displayOrder":16,"type":802,"questionCount":41,"blankCount":774,"isCompleted":773,"ogImageUrl":803},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a0e1ab-d7ef-706c-9599-27460eff44b0","01a0e1ab-d7ef-706c-9599-27460eff44b0","Compound Nouns — Meaning and Modifiers","Tap each tile, then tap the column it belongs in.","word_sort","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_95160d0f-472b-4b0a-8872-e895649d2f01_hero.webp?v=1790492530",{"@id":805,"@type":783,"id":806,"grammarPage":785,"title":807,"instructions":808,"displayOrder":21,"type":802,"questionCount":36,"blankCount":774,"isCompleted":773,"ogImageUrl":809},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a0e1ab-d7f5-7481-911f-22a328c14920","01a0e1ab-d7f5-7481-911f-22a328c14920","Compound Nouns — Spelling, Plurals and Units","Tap each tile, then tap the column that matches its form.","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_26431a1a-f817-408d-b631-6ae365504034_hero.webp?v=1790492530",{"@id":811,"@type":783,"id":812,"grammarPage":785,"title":813,"instructions":814,"displayOrder":26,"type":815,"questionCount":66,"blankCount":66,"isCompleted":773,"ogImageUrl":816},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a0e1ab-d7fa-7bb9-a03b-2f10ddc174a7","01a0e1ab-d7fa-7bb9-a03b-2f10ddc174a7","Compound Nouns — Build Everyday Sentences","Tap the tiles to build each sentence. Leave out the extra word.","sentence_builder","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_0f446c6f-aab2-47bf-a4bf-a467d88afa1a_hero.webp?v=1790492530",{"@id":818,"@type":783,"id":819,"grammarPage":785,"title":820,"instructions":814,"displayOrder":36,"type":815,"questionCount":66,"blankCount":66,"isCompleted":773,"ogImageUrl":821},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a0e1ab-d809-703f-acac-6b2aed4c4389","01a0e1ab-d809-703f-acac-6b2aed4c4389","Noun Modifiers — Build Time and Age Sentences","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_c672d02c-d172-488a-8460-2d20b58daeaf_hero.webp?v=1790492530",{"id":784,"grammarPage":785,"title":786,"instructions":787,"seoTitle":823,"seoDescription":824,"displayOrder":774,"type":788,"questions":825,"ogImageUrl":789},"Compound nouns: forms and word order practice","Practise compound nouns and noun modifiers with gap-fill sentences about school, shops, family, travel and rooms, including plurals and hyphens.",[826],{"id":827,"sentenceTemplate":828,"displayOrder":774,"explanation":829,"exampleSentence":830,"blanks":831},"01a0e1ab-d7cb-7437-b3a4-074b682f5a07","The children travel to school on a yellow __1__.","The main thing is a bus, so bus comes last. School describes its use. After a, use the singular bus, not buses.","A city bus stops outside our hotel.",[832],{"id":833,"blankNumber":11,"options":834},"01a0e1ab-d7cb-73db-b3a4-074b6767b83d",[835,838,842],{"id":836,"optionText":837,"isCorrect":773,"displayOrder":774},"01a0e1ab-d7cb-72e3-b3a4-074b666002be","bus school",{"id":839,"optionText":840,"isCorrect":841,"displayOrder":11},"01a0e1ab-d7cb-732b-b3a4-074b67348b3e","school bus",true,{"id":843,"optionText":844,"isCorrect":773,"displayOrder":16},"01a0e1ab-d7cb-73a7-b3a4-074b673ed060","school buses",{"html":846,"toc":847},"\u003Cp>English often puts words together to name one thing: a \u003Cstrong>bus stop\u003C\u002Fstrong>, a \u003Cstrong>bedroom\u003C\u002Fstrong> or a \u003Cstrong>toothbrush\u003C\u002Fstrong>. These are compound nouns. You will learn how to order the words, use nouns to describe other nouns, form plurals and check spelling.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"two-words-one-name\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">1.\u003C\u002Fspan>Two words, one name\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>A \u003Cstrong>compound noun\u003C\u002Fstrong> has two or more parts that work together as one name. Many compound nouns are made from two nouns.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>The last noun usually tells you what the thing is. The first noun gives more information: what kind, what for or where.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>Compound noun\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>What is it?\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>More information\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>bus stop\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>A stop\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>For buses\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>coffee cup\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>A cup\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>For coffee\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>kitchen table\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>A table\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>In a kitchen\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>apple juice\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Juice\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Made from apples\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>We waited at the \u003Cstrong>bus stop\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Put the plates on the \u003Cstrong>kitchen table\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Would you like some \u003Cstrong>apple juice\u003C\u002Fstrong>?\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>Not every compound noun begins with a noun. For example, \u003Cstrong>blackboard\u003C\u002Fstrong> combines the adjective \u003Cem>black\u003C\u002Fem> and the noun \u003Cem>board\u003C\u002Fem>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"put-the-describing-noun-first\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">2.\u003C\u002Fspan>Put the describing noun first\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>A noun before another noun is called a \u003Cstrong>noun modifier\u003C\u002Fstrong>. It describes the noun after it. This pattern appears in many compound nouns and other noun combinations.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Use \u003Cstrong>describing noun + main noun\u003C\u002Fstrong>:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>A shop that sells shoes → a \u003Cstrong>shoe shop\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>A door for a car → a \u003Cstrong>car door\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>A bag for school → a \u003Cstrong>school bag\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>Word order matters. A \u003Cstrong>school bus\u003C\u002Fstrong> is a kind of bus, not a kind of school.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--note\">\u003Cp>A \u003Cstrong>coffee cup\u003C\u002Fstrong> names a type of cup. It can be empty.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>A \u003Cstrong>cup of coffee\u003C\u002Fstrong> tells us what is in the cup.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>“I washed the \u003Cstrong>coffee cups\u003C\u002Fstrong>, then made a \u003Cstrong>cup of coffee\u003C\u002Fstrong>.”\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"use-a-singular-modifier-in-most-cases\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">3.\u003C\u002Fspan>Use a singular modifier in most cases\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>The first noun is usually singular, even when it refers to several things.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>A \u003Cstrong>shoe shop\u003C\u002Fstrong> sells many shoes. We still use \u003Cstrong>shoe\u003C\u002Fstrong>, not \u003Cem>shoes\u003C\u002Fem>, before \u003Cem>shop\u003C\u002Fem>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>To make these combinations plural, change the main noun:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>One\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>More than one\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>A \u003Cstrong>bus stop\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Two \u003Cstrong>bus stops\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>A \u003Cstrong>shoe shop\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Three \u003Cstrong>shoe shops\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>A \u003Cstrong>toothbrush\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Four \u003Cstrong>toothbrushes\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>A \u003Cstrong>businesswoman\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Two \u003Cstrong>businesswomen\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>The main noun keeps its usual plural form: \u003Cstrong>woman → women\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--warning\">\u003Cp>Use \u003Cstrong>two shoe shops\u003C\u002Fstrong>, not \u003Cem>two shoes shops\u003C\u002Fem>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>However, some common combinations have a plural first word: \u003Cstrong>sports centre\u003C\u002Fstrong> and \u003Cstrong>clothes shop\u003C\u002Fstrong>. Learn these as complete expressions.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"check-spaces-and-hyphens\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">4.\u003C\u002Fspan>Check spaces and hyphens\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>Compound nouns have three common spellings. A hyphen is the short line in \u003Cstrong>sister-in-law\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>Spelling\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>Examples\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Separate words\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>bus stop\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>shoe shop\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>One word\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>bedroom\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>toothbrush\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>With hyphens\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>sister-in-law\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>check-in\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>There is no simple spelling rule for every compound noun. Check a learner’s dictionary when you are unsure.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>My \u003Cstrong>bedroom\u003C\u002Fstrong> is upstairs.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>My \u003Cstrong>sister-in-law\u003C\u002Fstrong> lives near us.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Check-in\u003C\u002Fstrong> opens at six.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>sister-in-law\u003C\u002Fstrong>, the main noun is \u003Cem>sister\u003C\u002Fem>, so the plural is \u003Cstrong>sisters-in-law\u003C\u002Fstrong>, not \u003Cem>sister-in-laws\u003C\u002Fem>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"use-singular-units-before-a-noun\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">5.\u003C\u002Fspan>Use singular units before a noun\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>We also use a number and a unit, such as \u003Cem>hour\u003C\u002Fem> or \u003Cem>year\u003C\u002Fem>, together to describe a noun. Before the noun, keep the unit singular and use a hyphen.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>Ordinary description\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>Before a noun\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>The journey takes two hours.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>A \u003Cstrong>two-hour journey\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>The course lasts three weeks.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>A \u003Cstrong>three-week course\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>The child is five years old.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>A \u003Cstrong>five-year-old child\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--warning\">\u003Cp>Write \u003Cstrong>a two-hour journey\u003C\u002Fstrong>, not \u003Cem>a two-hours journey\u003C\u002Fem>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>But write “The journey takes \u003Cstrong>two hours\u003C\u002Fstrong>.” Here, \u003Cem>hours\u003C\u002Fem> is not before another noun, so it is plural.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"quick-checklist\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">6.\u003C\u002Fspan>Quick checklist\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>When you use a compound noun or a noun modifier:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Col>\n\u003Cli>Identify the main thing: a \u003Cstrong>bus stop\u003C\u002Fstrong> is a stop.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>Put the describing noun first: \u003Cstrong>shoe shop\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>Usually keep that first noun singular: \u003Cstrong>shoe shops\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>Check special forms and spelling: \u003Cstrong>sports centre\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>toothbrush\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>sisters-in-law\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>With a number and unit before a noun, use a singular unit and hyphens: \u003Cstrong>a two-hour journey\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Fol>\n",[848,852,856,860,864,868],{"id":849,"text":850,"depth":16,"number":851},"two-words-one-name","Two words, one name","1",{"id":853,"text":854,"depth":16,"number":855},"put-the-describing-noun-first","Put the describing noun first","2",{"id":857,"text":858,"depth":16,"number":859},"use-a-singular-modifier-in-most-cases","Use a singular modifier in most cases","3",{"id":861,"text":862,"depth":16,"number":863},"check-spaces-and-hyphens","Check spaces and hyphens","4",{"id":865,"text":866,"depth":16,"number":867},"use-singular-units-before-a-noun","Use singular units before a noun","5",{"id":869,"text":870,"depth":16,"number":871},"quick-checklist","Quick checklist","6"]