[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"grammar-topic-hubs-en":3,"grammar-pages-en":4,"grammar-page-en-ellipsis-with-auxiliaries-and-infinitives":766,"grammar-lesson-path-en-ellipsis-with-auxiliaries-and-infinitives-ellipsis-and-substitution-c1":781,"grammar-exercises-by-page-01a0e1ab-d5aa-756b-b06b-76ca59800cb2":825,"grammar-quick-check-01a0e1ab-d5aa-756b-b06b-76ca59800cb2":844,"grammar-lesson-body-01a0e1ab-d5aa-756b-b06b-76ca59800cb2-4x81gqmrww":867},[],[5,12,17,22,27,32,37,42,47,52,57,62,67,72,77,82,87,92,97,102,107,112,117,122,127,132,137,142,147,152,157,162,167,172,177,182,188,193,198,203,208,213,218,223,228,233,238,243,248,253,258,263,268,273,278,283,288,293,298,303,308,313,318,323,328,333,338,343,348,353,359,364,369,374,379,384,389,394,399,404,409,414,419,424,429,434,439,444,449,454,458,463,468,473,478,483,488,493,498,503,508,513,518,523,528,533,539,544,549,554,559,564,569,574,579,584,589,594,599,604,609,614,619,624,629,634,639,644,649,654,659,665,670,675,680,685,690,695,700,705,710,715,720,725,730,735,740,746,751,756,761],{"id":6,"title":7,"slug":8,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":11},"019b280b-85bc-70db-a0c0-54aca6f1e4c0","Personal Pronouns","personal-pronouns","en","A1",1,{"id":13,"title":14,"slug":15,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":16},"019b281a-41bb-71a1-933a-67a41f3b154c","Possessive adjectives","possessive-adjectives",2,{"id":18,"title":19,"slug":20,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":21},"019b2845-8ee4-7583-a09b-a59ba8856835","Possessive 's","possessive-s",3,{"id":23,"title":24,"slug":25,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":26},"019b2859-9fe3-7eef-917c-a0f02422a82b","Present Simple of \"be\"","present-simple-of-be",4,{"id":28,"title":29,"slug":30,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":31},"019df308-4244-7be7-bdcb-d49dd3a1e2cd","Basic Word Order in English","basic-word-order-in-english",4.5,{"id":33,"title":34,"slug":35,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":36},"019b3226-4738-776c-98cd-d4489f345309","Yes \u002F No Questions with the verb \"to be\"","questions-with-the-verb-to-be",5,{"id":38,"title":39,"slug":40,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":41},"019b326a-4447-7bdf-b870-03f8f455c0cb","Yes \u002F No Questions with “Do” and “Does”","yes-no-questions-with-do-and-does",6,{"id":43,"title":44,"slug":45,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":46},"019b3298-e218-7287-8956-6db962f0b06a","Questions (wh)","questions-wh",7,{"id":48,"title":49,"slug":50,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":51},"019b32ad-0f74-75b8-837a-ec5c6eaa31d9","Present Simple","present-simple",8,{"id":53,"title":54,"slug":55,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":56},"019df346-c4f4-7d23-8ca1-cd54325f7a8b","Conjunctions: and, but, or, so, because","conjunctions-and-but-or-so-because",8.5,{"id":58,"title":59,"slug":60,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":61},"019b2246-5ed1-7353-b2e9-dfe013c486b8","Adverbs of Frequency","adverbs-of-frequency",9,{"id":63,"title":64,"slug":65,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":66},"019b510a-88fb-7c66-b1a9-350a4039fbfc","Present Continuous","present-continuous",10,{"id":68,"title":69,"slug":70,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":71},"019b5140-4bff-7dd2-8394-87003d7ab4e2","Past Simple of 'be'","past-simple-of-be",11,{"id":73,"title":74,"slug":75,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":76},"019b5152-ec65-7653-9bce-5488b60e0d51","Past Simple (Regular verbs)","past-simple-regular-verbs",12,{"id":78,"title":79,"slug":80,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":81},"019b515f-15c8-71b2-b32c-08af85afe1b5","Past Simple (Irregular verbs)","past-simple-irregular-verbs",13,{"id":83,"title":84,"slug":85,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":86},"019b6046-03fb-789e-8f12-2b9413b32460","Indefinite article (a\u002Fan)","indefinite-article-aan",14,{"id":88,"title":89,"slug":90,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":91},"019b6046-799a-78c3-ab97-9c5a6a051c7d","Definite article (the)","definite-article-the",15,{"id":93,"title":94,"slug":95,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":96},"019b517d-f126-70a5-ba17-169ab1bf08b2","Countable and Uncountable Nouns","countable-and-uncountable-nouns",16,{"id":98,"title":99,"slug":100,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":101},"019b5a18-548e-7218-8f15-4e4aa0eee555","How many\u002Fmuch","how-manymuch",17,{"id":103,"title":104,"slug":105,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":106},"019df33a-e49e-7e45-b4d7-50ca50cb52db","A Few \u002F A Little \u002F Few \u002F Little","a-few-a-little",17.5,{"id":108,"title":109,"slug":110,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":111},"019b5a2b-0953-7b0a-a3cf-9572d9b67763","There is\u002Fare","there-isare",18,{"id":113,"title":114,"slug":115,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":116},"019b219e-db8d-7bd9-bb29-b4f49ef9def4","Common Adjectives","common-adjectives",19,{"id":118,"title":119,"slug":120,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":121},"019b2238-ace8-7d2b-b4a0-2e600078490d","Demonstrative Adjectives","demonstrative-adjectives",20,{"id":123,"title":124,"slug":125,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":126},"019b5aeb-ed47-7ec9-891b-797e1d98e93b","Intensifiers","intensifiers",21,{"id":128,"title":129,"slug":130,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":131},"019ddf1d-d915-75e9-b6f8-44633900023c","Intensifiers (Too and Enough)","intensifiers-too-and-enough",21.5,{"id":133,"title":134,"slug":135,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":136},"019b5b01-8454-78ac-ab3f-c48d4f86ecc6","Comparative (basic)","comparative-basic",22,{"id":138,"title":139,"slug":140,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":141},"019b5b16-43bc-76e2-8b46-76124b8ff851","Superlatives (Basic)","superlatives-basic",23,{"id":143,"title":144,"slug":145,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":146},"019b5b33-eaef-7c65-b9d9-f61c2c0ab296","Common Prepositions","common-prepositions",24,{"id":148,"title":149,"slug":150,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":151},"019b5b43-0251-7c7a-93e9-1956f0e3455d","Preposition of place","preposition-of-place",25,{"id":153,"title":154,"slug":155,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":156},"019b5b52-ad53-727e-9cd3-b03f7ed8a37e","Prepositions of time","prepositions-of-time",26,{"id":158,"title":159,"slug":160,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":161},"019b5b6a-5b9a-7f42-bed0-5251f341962f","Verb + -ing and Verb + to + infinitive","verb-ing",27,{"id":163,"title":164,"slug":165,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":166},"019b5b83-d994-79a4-a134-c295c36cef77","Imperatives","imperatives",28,{"id":168,"title":169,"slug":170,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":171},"019b5b8e-fb65-77bc-beaa-37f96f269a73","Ability","ability",29,{"id":173,"title":174,"slug":175,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":176},"01a0e1ab-d5f8-761f-a440-f5d9ba8d5fb0","Regular and Irregular Plural Nouns","regular-and-irregular-plural-nouns",29.01,{"id":178,"title":179,"slug":180,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":181},"01a0e1ab-d5d2-7a68-944d-2e2acc93a0ad","Have and Have Got for Possession","have-and-have-got-for-possession",29.02,{"id":183,"title":184,"slug":185,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":187},"019b602e-2fb4-73c8-b962-65bda25818dd","Countable and Uncountable nouns with Articles","countableuncountable-nouns","A2",30,{"id":189,"title":190,"slug":191,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":192},"019df3cc-eab9-70f1-b391-94af16cf43f6","Indefinite Pronouns","indefinite-pronouns-something-anything-nothing",30.5,{"id":194,"title":195,"slug":196,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":197},"019b603d-95d6-7714-9dc2-2128e5b7d6d5","Much \u002F many \u002F a lot of \u002F too many \u002F too much \u002F a little with nouns","much-many-with-nouns",31,{"id":199,"title":200,"slug":201,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":202},"019b608d-b213-79d5-9f2a-c6e8b788d34c","Comparative adjectives with the use of than","comparative-with-the-use-of-than",32,{"id":204,"title":205,"slug":206,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":207},"019b609b-ff61-74d7-a484-d1fa3ddf85cd","Superlative adjective with the use of the","superlative-adjective-with-the-use-of-the",33,{"id":209,"title":210,"slug":211,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":212},"019ddf54-d7d2-7e0e-b46c-fb0085e3554b","Superlatives (quantity: most \u002F least \u002F fewest)","superlatives-quantity-most-least-fewest",33.25,{"id":214,"title":215,"slug":216,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":217},"019ddf4b-915c-79cd-b3ce-7c958c5569ee","Equality and Inequality Comparisons","equality-and-inequality-comparisons",33.5,{"id":219,"title":220,"slug":221,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":222},"019ddf90-7b77-7c88-ba51-ce531750920c","Comparative Adjectives vs Comparative Adverbs","comparative-adjectives-vs-comparative-adverbs",33.75,{"id":224,"title":225,"slug":226,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":227},"019b60ae-8671-7359-a1e1-3720df925735","Adverbs of Frequency (A2)","adverbs-of-frequency-a2",34,{"id":229,"title":230,"slug":231,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":232},"019b60b9-9e57-7895-ba9b-3d28a36d0c64","Adverbial phrases","adverbial-phrases",35,{"id":234,"title":235,"slug":236,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":237},"019b60bc-4311-79c2-b406-c42c183a82ce","Adverb word order","adverb-word-order",36,{"id":239,"title":240,"slug":241,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":242},"019df3b1-1b15-782f-aaa6-851c8181905a","Connectors: although, however, because, so, when, while","connectors-although-however-because-so-when-while",36.5,{"id":244,"title":245,"slug":246,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":247},"019b6a65-b1bf-7c2a-a67b-e521135dc9db","Present Simple and Present Continuous","present-simple-and-present-continuous",37,{"id":249,"title":250,"slug":251,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":252},"019b6a77-5205-7afa-a68f-7ad935445fe8","Past Simple and Past Continuous","past-simple-and-past-continuous",38,{"id":254,"title":255,"slug":256,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":257},"019df7ab-ac74-721a-be5f-324337bfcad9","Used to (Past Habits and States)","used-to-past-habits-and-states",38.5,{"id":259,"title":260,"slug":261,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":262},"019b6a88-0003-7e9c-8479-e53dc8e247ce","Present Perfect","present-perfect",39,{"id":264,"title":265,"slug":266,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":267},"019b6f8d-0408-7b43-aca6-4dbe46e5d5b7","Future Time (Will and Going to)","future-time-will-and-going-to",40,{"id":269,"title":270,"slug":271,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":272},"019b6f8f-d648-70f0-9f22-42fc1235803a","Modals - can\u002Fcould","modals-cancould",41,{"id":274,"title":275,"slug":276,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":277},"019b6f90-9e16-780f-90b6-5b82c56bf7fe","Modals - have to \u002F has to","modals-have-to",42,{"id":279,"title":280,"slug":281,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":282},"019b6f90-fea2-7549-b566-4aca1064c4a2","Modals - should","modals-should",43,{"id":284,"title":285,"slug":286,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":287},"019b6fd9-fca0-721e-98a1-8dae306fa3a8","Zero Conditional","zero-conditional",44,{"id":289,"title":290,"slug":291,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":292},"019b6fe2-552e-7c4a-9ff8-617c5afa8ed7","First Conditional","first-conditional",45,{"id":294,"title":295,"slug":296,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":297},"019b7013-1ad3-7755-af13-49f9a7613e00","Verb + -ing \u002F Infinitive: like, want, would like","verb-ing-infinitive-like-want-would-like",46,{"id":299,"title":300,"slug":301,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":302},"019b7a8d-16f8-71a7-bf39-9a79205183b8","Question formation rules","question-formation-rules",47,{"id":304,"title":305,"slug":306,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":307},"019df3d4-4d2e-729e-853d-7c68f999b25c","Relative Clauses: who, which, that, where","relative-clauses-who-which-that-where",47.5,{"id":309,"title":310,"slug":311,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":312},"019b7a99-585c-7f51-9245-b2891fdbbf30","WH Questions (In the Past)","wh-questions-in-the-past",48,{"id":314,"title":315,"slug":316,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":317},"019b7aaa-8462-757d-9d4f-7e901a4fc37b","Possessive 's\u002Fs'","possessive-ss",49,{"id":319,"title":320,"slug":321,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":322},"019b7aad-7c27-7305-9ac7-f0b77f08ae5d","Prepositions of place (A2)","preposition-of-place-a2",50,{"id":324,"title":325,"slug":326,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":327},"019b7b2d-9aa2-7b84-b022-800e7cc60042","Prepositional phrases (Place, Time & Movement)","prepositional-phrases-place-time-movement",51,{"id":329,"title":330,"slug":331,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":332},"019b7b4e-1521-70bb-97b5-372246696987","Phrasal Verbs","phrasal-verbs",52,{"id":334,"title":335,"slug":336,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":337},"01a0e1ab-d602-7a18-a83c-7a50af6090ac","Some and Any: Quantity, Offers and Requests","some-and-any-quantity-offers-and-requests",52.01,{"id":339,"title":340,"slug":341,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":342},"01a0e1ab-d5a3-707f-b773-6757807d3157","Each and Every","each-and-every",52.02,{"id":344,"title":345,"slug":346,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":347},"01a0e1ab-d58d-7537-97a7-c16d7505964c","Compound Nouns and Noun Modifiers","compound-nouns-and-noun-modifiers",52.03,{"id":349,"title":350,"slug":351,"language":9,"level":186,"displayOrder":352},"01a0e1ab-d5b8-705f-91f2-f9cc7f1b0bc0","Exclamations with What and How","exclamations-with-what-and-how",52.04,{"id":354,"title":355,"slug":356,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":358},"019b7f36-64bf-7f2e-84e0-6a817ed790ee","Past Simple (B1)","past-simple-b1","B1",53,{"id":360,"title":361,"slug":362,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":363},"019b7f50-778e-72a3-bbaf-7c93104608d9","Past Tense Follow Up Responses","past-tense-follow-up-responses",54,{"id":365,"title":366,"slug":367,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":368},"019b7f5d-c9b7-77b0-8453-3e9698ded09f","Past Continuous","past-continuous",55,{"id":370,"title":371,"slug":372,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":373},"019b7f66-b1e0-7f7e-8efb-a9853febaf95","Past Perfect","past-perfect",56,{"id":375,"title":376,"slug":377,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":378},"019b7f78-24b0-77b7-a062-4ca5ebaf7a99","Present Perfect vs Past Simple","present-perfect-vs-past-simple",57,{"id":380,"title":381,"slug":382,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":383},"019b7f7c-8a1f-7c23-8698-42391c4d5759","Present Perfect Continuous","present-perfect-continuous",58,{"id":385,"title":386,"slug":387,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":388},"019b7f8a-e4e5-7176-a1b8-4e7dc65fed8a","Simple Passive (Present and Past)","simple-passive-present-and-past",59,{"id":390,"title":391,"slug":392,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":393},"019b7f90-4565-7491-9654-e29c3fc09bfd","Will vs Going to (Predictions)","will-vs-going-to-predictions",60,{"id":395,"title":396,"slug":397,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":398},"019b7f95-894e-7b10-822a-affae1f4b321","Future Continuous","future-continuous",61,{"id":400,"title":401,"slug":402,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":403},"019b8488-503a-75f8-a47d-37747230fb3d","WH Questions (In the Past) and Follow-up Structure","wh-questions-in-the-past-and-follow-up-structure",62,{"id":405,"title":406,"slug":407,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":408},"019b849e-e672-746c-8234-cff9809464cb","Complex Question Tags","complex-question-tags",63,{"id":410,"title":411,"slug":412,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":413},"019df804-428b-7734-a347-88911789bb23","Reflexive Pronouns","reflexive-pronouns",63.5,{"id":415,"title":416,"slug":417,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":418},"019b84a8-b6cc-7649-b832-969ce8dd0933","Must\u002Fhave to (Modals)","musthave-to-modals",64,{"id":420,"title":421,"slug":422,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":423},"019b84af-a5b2-7987-a9be-d8164de874a7","Might, May, Will probably (Modals)","might-may-will-probable-modals",65,{"id":425,"title":426,"slug":427,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":428},"019b84b5-2659-784a-9965-86ec3a2f4271","Must and Can't (Deductions)","must-and-cant-dedcutions",66,{"id":430,"title":431,"slug":432,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":433},"019b84bb-173e-7921-86fd-fc9331dcf1d9","Modals About the Past — Should Have, Might Have, Could Have","modals-about-the-past-should-have-might-have-could-have",67,{"id":435,"title":436,"slug":437,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":438},"019b84c3-0f0c-7570-a3da-82bbd3adea47","Comparatives and Superlatives","comparatives-and-superlatives",68,{"id":440,"title":441,"slug":442,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":443},"019df7d6-428b-7ed3-a268-ff3a1cd04d2e","Articles","articles",68.5,{"id":445,"title":446,"slug":447,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":448},"019dfd44-e26b-789f-8246-301e2e868f64","Quantifiers Expansion: all, both, either, neither, none","quantifiers-expansion-all-both-either-neither-none",68.75,{"id":450,"title":451,"slug":452,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":453},"019b84ce-f5e9-7051-ab4a-88f104f8ca0f","Adverbs","adverbs",69,{"id":455,"title":124,"slug":456,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":457},"019b84d4-d685-72a4-a785-72dfa64eb5f1","intensifiers-too-enough-extremely-quite",70,{"id":459,"title":460,"slug":461,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":462},"019dfd3e-5ca9-7671-8c5f-bc86e5bdb4e1","Adjectives (-ed \u002F -ing)","ed-ing-adjectives",70.25,{"id":464,"title":465,"slug":466,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":467},"019de247-60c1-731d-8070-e020e596b746","Adjective + Preposition","adjective-preposition",70.5,{"id":469,"title":470,"slug":471,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":472},"019df7ef-9ba9-71ec-ab1e-648c1efb4af7","Another, Other, Others, The Other","another-other-others-the-other",70.75,{"id":474,"title":475,"slug":476,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":477},"019b7f43-6879-7d25-94aa-fe53784d39c4","Clauses & Linking Words (Cause, Effect, Contrast, Purpose)","cause-and-effect",71,{"id":479,"title":480,"slug":481,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":482},"019b93a4-f831-7564-898b-bd3291f2af79","Second Conditional","second-conditional",72,{"id":484,"title":485,"slug":486,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":487},"019b93bb-80fa-76ce-8b72-e7352b6083b0","Third Conditional","third-conditional",73,{"id":489,"title":490,"slug":491,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":492},"019b9421-c1ca-7371-93ae-96dd1106e47c","Reported speech \u002F Indirect speech","reported-speech-indirect-speech",74,{"id":494,"title":495,"slug":496,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":497},"019dfd54-bbaf-7b5b-921a-1fb3d0c2a2a6","Gerund vs Infinitive","gerund-vs-infinitive",74.5,{"id":499,"title":500,"slug":501,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":502},"01a0e1ab-d5d8-7484-8fca-82bc3d0644d7","Indirect Questions with If, Whether and Question Words","indirect-questions-with-if-whether-and-question-words",74.51,{"id":504,"title":505,"slug":506,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":507},"01a0e1ab-d564-7990-a767-ffb4264741b3","Be Used to and Get Used to","be-used-to-and-get-used-to",74.52,{"id":509,"title":510,"slug":511,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":512},"01a0e1ab-d5fd-7a5b-8f33-7d17c98ef74a","So Do I and Neither Do I","so-do-i-and-neither-do-i",74.53,{"id":514,"title":515,"slug":516,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":517},"01a0e1ab-d627-7249-805f-9514f407e8a4","Verbs with Two Objects: To and For","verbs-with-two-objects-to-and-for",74.54,{"id":519,"title":520,"slug":521,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":522},"01a0e1ab-d621-75b7-8c67-9601c998b52e","Verbs with Dependent Prepositions","verbs-with-dependent-prepositions",74.55,{"id":524,"title":525,"slug":526,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":527},"01a0e1ab-d5eb-7838-9223-95e410fff7b9","Nouns with Dependent Prepositions","nouns-with-dependent-prepositions",74.56,{"id":529,"title":530,"slug":531,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":532},"01a0e1ab-d5cc-783e-9492-99f1542755f2","Had Better: Advice and Warnings","had-better-advice-and-warnings",74.57,{"id":534,"title":535,"slug":536,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":538},"019b986e-3c6a-72a3-9d42-65053d9e4657","Past Perfect (B2)","past-perfect-b2","B2",75,{"id":540,"title":541,"slug":542,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":543},"019b9875-a5b8-753a-8892-02d60cf124f3","Past Perfect Continuous","past-perfect-continuous",76,{"id":545,"title":546,"slug":547,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":548},"019b98ad-b43d-70eb-9bf8-98360d4b8745","Narrative tenses","narrative-tenses",77,{"id":550,"title":551,"slug":552,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":553},"019b98bb-42d1-7d70-8952-3f7934673d2c","Would - Expressing habits in the past","would-expressing-habits-in-the-past",78,{"id":555,"title":556,"slug":557,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":558},"019b98bd-abbe-77ac-84ec-e3ed78abff75","Future Continuous (B2)","future-continuous-b2",79,{"id":560,"title":561,"slug":562,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":563},"019b996c-756a-7595-8991-7fbfd497bca0","Future Perfect","future-perfect",80,{"id":565,"title":566,"slug":567,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":568},"019b9973-ccc0-7aea-94b3-d59ca2b27d38","Future Perfect Continuous","future-perfect-continuous",81,{"id":570,"title":571,"slug":572,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":573},"019dfde9-8a73-7247-ac3c-834f3e800f0a","Future in the Past","future-in-the-past",81.5,{"id":575,"title":576,"slug":577,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":578},"019b997c-1273-7267-bc94-e10133989373","Adjectives and Adverbs","adjectives-and-adverbs",82,{"id":580,"title":581,"slug":582,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":583},"019dfd9b-c2c7-7f83-b2ce-1554f06f427c","Discourse Markers","discourse-markers",82.5,{"id":585,"title":586,"slug":587,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":588},"019ba3df-b04f-7684-9f23-1939e873ec29","Defining & non-defining relative clauses","defining-non-defining-relative-clauses",83,{"id":590,"title":591,"slug":592,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":593},"019ba3fc-5f03-7360-a405-79bca6f524d2","Passive voice","passive-voice",84,{"id":595,"title":596,"slug":597,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":598},"019ba7c7-5eb8-76f4-a04c-ce82fa1b4568","Passive Voice: Additional Uses and Nuances","passive-voice-additional-uses-and-nuances",85,{"id":600,"title":601,"slug":602,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":603},"019dfdfa-7403-7489-8772-2ee826b8e57b","There vs It","there-vs-it",85.5,{"id":605,"title":606,"slug":607,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":608},"019ba7d2-7094-7519-b0f1-7b9c0b8d1a84","Deduction & Speculation (Modals)","deduction-speculation-modals",86,{"id":610,"title":611,"slug":612,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":613},"019ba7e3-8713-7c45-a547-be8a80ad5763","Modals (can’t have & needn’t have)","modals-cant-have-neednt-have",87,{"id":615,"title":616,"slug":617,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":618},"019ba7f0-c7aa-7cb5-820b-7cf90b088c6d","Wish (Expressing Regret, Desire, and Imagined Situations)","wish-expressing-regret-desire-and-imagined-situations",88,{"id":620,"title":621,"slug":622,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":623},"019ba801-1386-70f7-b6f1-0000e045cc8b","Mixed Conditionals","mixed-conditionals",89,{"id":625,"title":626,"slug":627,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":628},"019ba80b-0997-7e31-aec6-b14a79efe69e","Reported Speech","reported-speech",90,{"id":630,"title":631,"slug":632,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":633},"019dfdf1-5b30-731a-b71e-63d79f5a409b","Verb Patterns","verb-patterns",90.5,{"id":635,"title":636,"slug":637,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":638},"01a0e1ab-d608-72f0-ae7b-02084e6afb58","Subject-Verb Agreement with Complex Subjects","subject-verb-agreement-with-complex-subjects",90.51,{"id":640,"title":641,"slug":642,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":643},"01a0e1ab-d5f1-7df8-9e70-f2c2ebdb7f87","Participle Clauses for Time, Reason and Result","participle-clauses-for-time-reason-and-result",90.52,{"id":645,"title":646,"slug":647,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":648},"01a0e1ab-d5b1-734c-b34d-419db9e26b1d","Emphatic Do, Does and Did","emphatic-do-does-and-did",90.53,{"id":650,"title":651,"slug":652,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":653},"01a0e1ab-d633-7103-8c29-0ff220ac6d29","Would Rather, Would Prefer and Prefer","would-rather-would-prefer-and-prefer",90.54,{"id":655,"title":656,"slug":657,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":658},"01a0e1ab-d614-7ce6-bb2b-df1c89246cd8","That-Clauses and Whether-Clauses as Complements","that-clauses-and-whether-clauses-as-complements",90.55,{"id":660,"title":661,"slug":662,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":664},"019ba879-7d5a-7e14-8941-8c79d67c94ed","Narrative tenses for experience, incl. passive","narrative-tenses-for-experience-incl-passive","C1",91,{"id":666,"title":667,"slug":668,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":669},"019ba883-e2dd-7cf2-becf-a1b53f06feaa","Future Tenses (Revision)","future-tenses-revision",92,{"id":671,"title":672,"slug":673,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":674},"019ba891-4e3d-7714-b92c-7cab6023957a","Mixed Conditionals (Past, present & future)","mixed-conditionals-past-present-future",93,{"id":676,"title":677,"slug":678,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":679},"019ba897-8cbb-7842-ad6e-c6e11ffa1701","Wish \u002F If only (Regrets)","wish-if-only-regrets",94,{"id":681,"title":682,"slug":683,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":684},"019ba8a9-71c4-7787-96a0-6a02f8a55e49","Passive Forms","passive-forms",95,{"id":686,"title":687,"slug":688,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":689},"019ba8b8-bc3e-7662-8e7a-4c432325ad08","Modals in the past","modals-in-the-past",96,{"id":691,"title":692,"slug":693,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":694},"019dfe19-a32b-7ab1-9be5-4aebce963308","Modal Verbs: Will, Would & Should","modal-verbs-will-would-should",96.5,{"id":696,"title":697,"slug":698,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":699},"019dfe2a-3524-779c-9c22-273be8bd4134","Modal Verbs: Can, Could, May & Might","modal-verbs-can-could-may-might",96.75,{"id":701,"title":702,"slug":703,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":704},"019ba8c3-4434-78e7-a2af-f992da01a459","Inversion with negative adverbials","inversion-with-negative-adverbials",97,{"id":706,"title":707,"slug":708,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":709},"01a0e1ab-d5aa-756b-b06b-76ca59800cb2","Ellipsis with Auxiliaries and Infinitives","ellipsis-with-auxiliaries-and-infinitives",97.01,{"id":711,"title":712,"slug":713,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":714},"01a0e1ab-d60e-7755-901b-763344a63a75","Substitution with Do So, So and Not","substitution-with-do-so-so-and-not",97.02,{"id":716,"title":717,"slug":718,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":719},"01a0e1ab-d57e-70e9-98fe-8107fd9c38c1","Complex Noun Phrases: Modification and Complementation","complex-noun-phrases-modification-and-complementation",97.03,{"id":721,"title":722,"slug":723,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":724},"01a0e1ab-d5e5-73b5-b5bc-53d16d704466","Nominalisation and Noun-Based Style","nominalisation-and-noun-based-style",97.04,{"id":726,"title":727,"slug":728,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":729},"01a0e1ab-d61b-7161-8c0a-c5eded00cf86","The Subjunctive in Demands and Recommendations","the-subjunctive-in-demands-and-recommendations",97.05,{"id":731,"title":732,"slug":733,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":734},"01a0e1ab-d56c-78aa-b897-1469dd6a3315","Cleft Sentences: It-Clefts, Wh-Clefts and All-Clefts","cleft-sentences-it-clefts-wh-clefts-and-all-clefts",97.06,{"id":736,"title":737,"slug":738,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":739},"01a0e1ab-d594-7dd6-9ff4-94959247d273","Concession with Whatever, No Matter and As","concession-with-whatever-no-matter-and-as",97.07,{"id":741,"title":742,"slug":743,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":745},"01a0e1ab-d542-7721-9c84-6e47716ee54b","Absolute and Verbless Supplementary Clauses","absolute-and-verbless-supplementary-clauses","C2",98,{"id":747,"title":748,"slug":749,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":750},"01a0e1ab-d5bf-7022-8177-a107314b83fb","Free Relative Clauses: Reference and Ambiguity","free-relative-clauses-reference-and-ambiguity",99,{"id":752,"title":753,"slug":754,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":755},"01a0e1ab-d5c5-7677-85af-023326574682","Gapping and Shared Elements in Coordination","gapping-and-shared-elements-in-coordination",100,{"id":757,"title":758,"slug":759,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":760},"01a0e1ab-d59c-7289-a960-fc9da7101a43","Dislocation and Resumptive Pronouns in Spoken Discourse","dislocation-and-resumptive-pronouns-in-spoken-discourse",101,{"id":762,"title":763,"slug":764,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":765},"01a0e1ab-d5de-7245-aaf8-c59b501eafc4","Negation, Quantifier Scope and Ambiguity","negation-quantifier-scope-and-ambiguity",102,{"id":706,"title":707,"slug":708,"seoDescription":767,"content":768,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":709,"grammarTopics":769,"createdAt":775,"updatedAt":776,"vocabularyLists":777,"primaryTopicHub":778,"readyImages":780},"Learn to omit repeated verb phrases with auxiliaries and infinitival to, preserve tense and negation, and avoid unclear references in advanced English.","Ellipsis lets you leave out material that readers or listeners can recover from the context. With auxiliaries and infinitives, the words you retain show how the understood action relates to tense, modality or negation. The aim is concise expression without unclear reference.\n\n## 1. Leave out a recoverable verb phrase\n\nIn **verb phrase ellipsis**, an auxiliary remains while the following verb phrase is understood. The missing material may include the main verb, its objects and other closely connected information.\n\n:::example\nMaya **has submitted the revised proposal**, but Leo **hasn't**.\n\nHere, **hasn't** means *hasn't submitted the revised proposal*, not simply *hasn't submitted*.\n\nI thought the printer **would work**, but it **didn't**.\n\nHere, **didn't** means *didn't work*. The retained auxiliary expresses the actual past result.\n:::\n\nThe missing material need not be repeated word for word: its grammatical form adapts to the new subject or auxiliary. However, the intended meaning must be clear. If several actions are possible, repeating the main verb is often better than using ellipsis.\n\n## 2. Choose the appropriate auxiliary\n\nRetain an auxiliary that fits the meaning of the new clause. If the understood verb phrase has no auxiliary, use **do, does** or **did**.\n\n| Structure | Full version | With ellipsis |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Modal | Nina can attend, and Omar can attend too. | Nina can attend, and Omar **can** too. |\n| Perfect | Nina has replied, but Omar hasn't replied. | Nina has replied, but Omar **hasn't**. |\n| Progressive | Nina is working, but Omar isn't working. | Nina is working, but Omar **isn't**. |\n| Passive | Nina was invited, but Omar wasn't invited. | Nina was invited, but Omar **wasn't**. |\n| Present simple | Nina agrees, but Omar doesn't agree. | Nina agrees, but Omar **doesn't**. |\n| Past simple | Nina objected, and Omar objected too. | Nina objected, and Omar **did** too. |\n\nAgreement and tense belong to the clause containing the ellipsis, not automatically to the earlier clause.\n\n:::example\nShe **works from home**, and I **do** too.\n\nHe **doesn't drive** now, but he **did** before his accident.\n:::\n\nWith **be** as the main verb, retain **be**, not **do**: *I wasn't ready, but Elena **was***. Here, the omitted material is the complement *ready* rather than an action verb phrase.\n\n## 3. Decide how much of an auxiliary chain to retain\n\nWhen a clause contains several auxiliaries, ellipsis can begin at different points. More than one shortened version may therefore be possible.\n\n:::example\n“Has Lena been working late?”\n\n“Yes, she **has**.” → *has been working late*\n\n“Yes, she **has been**.” → *has been working late*\n:::\n\nThe shorter answer leaves more material understood. The longer answer retains the progressive auxiliary **been** and may give that part of the meaning greater emphasis.\n\nDo not remove an auxiliary that is needed to express a new meaning.\n\n:::example\n“Did you send the attachment?”\n\n“No, but I **should have**.” → *should have sent the attachment*\n:::\n\nHere, **have** establishes the past-time reference of the unfulfilled obligation. *I should* would normally suggest a present or future obligation instead.\n\n:::warning\nDo not normally use a contracted affirmative form of **be** or **have** as the final word in these elliptical clauses.\n\n✓ “Are you ready?” “Yes, **I am**.”\n\n✗ “Are you ready?” “Yes, **I'm**.”\n\n✓ “Has she finished?” “Yes, **she has**.”\n\n✗ “Has she finished?” “Yes, **she's**.”\n\nNegative contractions are possible: **I'm not**, **she hasn't**, **they aren't**.\n:::\n\n## 4. Retain infinitival to\n\nAfter a word or expression that takes a **to-infinitive**, you can often retain **to** and omit the following verb phrase. This is common after expressions such as **want to**, **hope to**, **intend to**, **would like to** and **be supposed to**.\n\n:::example\nI haven't read the report yet, but I **intend to**.\n\nYou don't have to attend the reception unless you **want to**.\n\nThey asked me to explain, but I **refused to**.\n:::\n\nFor a negative infinitive, **not to** can remain:\n\n*I was going to complain, but I decided **not to**.*\n\nThis means *decided not to complain*. Compare *I **didn't decide to** complain*, which denies making that decision rather than stating a decision against complaining.\n\n:::note\nThe **to** must be an infinitive marker, not a preposition. You cannot shorten *I'm looking forward to meeting you* to *I'm looking forward to*: this expression needs a complement after the preposition **to**.\n:::\n\n## 5. Keep be or have when the structure needs it\n\nDo not assume that every infinitive must be shortened to **to** alone. Retaining **be** or perfect **have** can preserve an important structural or time distinction.\n\n- **Copular be:** *I'm not a member, but I'd like **to be***. The omitted complement is *a member*.\n- **Passive be:** *She wasn't shortlisted, although she had expected **to be***. The omitted word is *shortlisted*.\n- **Perfect have:** *I haven't finished yet, but by Friday I expect **to have***. The understood phrase is *finished*; **have** presents completion by the future reference point.\n\nThese are different from *I haven't finished yet, but I hope **to***, where **to** stands for the ordinary infinitive *to finish*. Choose the structure for the intended meaning rather than mechanically copying the earlier auxiliary.\n\n## 6. Check reference and emphasis\n\nEllipsis is common in conversation, but it also makes formal writing less repetitive. In speech, a retained auxiliary often receives stress when it marks a contrast: *I thought she wouldn't object, but she **DID***.\n\nBe especially careful with possessives:\n\n:::example\nAnna revised her proposal, and Ben **did** too.\n\nThis can mean that Ben revised **Anna's proposal** or that he revised **his own proposal**. Context may resolve the reference; otherwise, state it explicitly.\n:::\n\nBefore using ellipsis, check:\n\n1. **Recovery:** Is the omitted action or complement identifiable?\n2. **Grammar:** Does the retained auxiliary fit the new subject and tense?\n3. **Meaning:** Have you preserved necessary modality, negation and time reference?\n4. **Clarity:** Could a pronoun or possessive be understood in two ways?\n\nKeep **an auxiliary**, **to**, or **to be \u002F to have** as the structure requires. Repeat the missing words whenever brevity would make the meaning uncertain.",[770],{"id":771,"name":772,"level":663,"language":9,"isCompleted":773,"completionPercentage":774,"totalExercises":51,"completedExercises":774},"01a0e1ab-d505-7ccd-a097-30c80f838585","Ellipsis and substitution",false,0,"2026-09-27T07:02:10+00:00","2026-10-14T10:40:29+00:00",[],{"name":772,"slug":779,"language":9},"ellipsis-and-substitution-c1",[],{"id":771,"name":772,"slug":779,"language":9,"level":663,"introduction":782,"lessonCount":16,"totalExercises":51,"objectives":783,"prerequisites":787,"lessons":789},"English avoids repeating itself in two ways. Leave out a repeated verb phrase after an auxiliary or to, or replace it with do so, so or not — while keeping tense, negation and what each form refers to unmistakable.",[784,785,786],"Omit repeated verb phrases after auxiliaries and infinitival to.","Replace actions with do so and clauses with so or not.","Keep tense, negation and reference clear when you shorten a sentence.",[788],"Use B2 auxiliaries, modals and reporting verbs accurately.",[790,809],{"id":706,"contentId":791,"slug":708,"title":707,"level":663,"summary":792,"order":11,"exercises":793},"pg_7c56188d-e703-4e53-a641-2ec89de2d895","Omits repeated verb phrases after auxiliaries and infinitival to while keeping tense, negation and reference clear.",[794,798,802,806],{"id":795,"title":796,"order":774,"type":797},"01a0e1ab-d940-77f1-9590-a2c100e26f2a","Ellipsis with Auxiliaries and Infinitives — Forms in Context","word_select",{"id":799,"title":800,"order":11,"type":801},"01a0e1ab-d96a-7d98-b129-c25224e387dc","Ellipsis with Auxiliaries and Infinitives — Find and Correct the Error","find_and_fix",{"id":803,"title":804,"order":16,"type":805},"01a0e1ab-d977-74b7-8067-f3164e6ec208","Auxiliary Ellipsis: Build the Contrast","sentence_builder",{"id":807,"title":808,"order":21,"type":805},"01a0e1ab-d98b-73aa-9340-ae53f1bf2de3","Infinitival Ellipsis: Build the Ending",{"id":711,"contentId":810,"slug":713,"title":712,"level":663,"summary":811,"order":16,"exercises":812},"pg_ed3ccd43-792d-4b58-ad56-d8c2d7ee936f","Replaces actions with do so and clauses with so or not, keeping reference clear in reporting and in formal or spoken style.",[813,816,819,822],{"id":814,"title":815,"order":774,"type":797},"01a0e1ab-df9c-7520-801d-fed327f68bce","Substitution with Do So, So and Not — Forms in Context",{"id":817,"title":818,"order":11,"type":801},"01a0e1ab-dfbc-7e15-b9d1-cb9613a571a9","Substitution with Do So, So and Not — Find and Correct the Error",{"id":820,"title":821,"order":16,"type":805},"01a0e1ab-dfc4-7ed8-bfb5-3b77c6abfd29","Do So — Build Action References",{"id":823,"title":824,"order":21,"type":805},"01a0e1ab-dfda-7cca-8eaf-b302843b78e2","So and Not — Build Opinions and Replies",[826,832,836,840],{"@id":827,"@type":828,"id":795,"grammarPage":829,"title":796,"instructions":830,"displayOrder":774,"type":797,"questionCount":91,"blankCount":111,"isCompleted":773,"ogImageUrl":831},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a0e1ab-d940-77f1-9590-a2c100e26f2a","GrammarExercise","\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_pages\u002F01a0e1ab-d5aa-756b-b06b-76ca59800cb2","Choose the option that completes each sentence in context. Where alternatives are separated by a slash, choose the pair in which both alternatives work.","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_d88dbf1d-9d99-41fd-9f90-e366334eff92_hero.webp?v=1790492531",{"@id":833,"@type":828,"id":799,"grammarPage":829,"title":800,"instructions":834,"displayOrder":11,"type":801,"questionCount":71,"blankCount":774,"isCompleted":773,"ogImageUrl":835},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a0e1ab-d96a-7d98-b129-c25224e387dc","Find the incorrect word and choose its correction.","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_bd27a96a-6a3a-481b-8445-e6519ca57269_hero.webp?v=1790492531",{"@id":837,"@type":828,"id":803,"grammarPage":829,"title":804,"instructions":838,"displayOrder":16,"type":805,"questionCount":66,"blankCount":66,"isCompleted":773,"ogImageUrl":839},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a0e1ab-d977-74b7-8067-f3164e6ec208","Arrange the tiles to build a sentence. Leave out the extra tile, and preserve the auxiliary that replaces the repeated words.","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_46ce8890-9893-4500-ab0f-6edf00630604_hero.webp?v=1790492531",{"@id":841,"@type":828,"id":807,"grammarPage":829,"title":808,"instructions":842,"displayOrder":21,"type":805,"questionCount":66,"blankCount":66,"isCompleted":773,"ogImageUrl":843},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a0e1ab-d98b-73aa-9340-ae53f1bf2de3","Arrange the tiles to build a sentence. Leave out the extra tile, and retain the infinitive ending needed to recover the omitted words.","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_af23f77c-b600-4480-9e8f-ec77ec73b732_hero.webp?v=1790492531",{"id":795,"grammarPage":829,"title":796,"instructions":830,"seoTitle":845,"seoDescription":846,"displayOrder":774,"type":797,"questions":847,"ogImageUrl":831},"Ellipsis: Choosing Auxiliaries and Infinitives","Practise ellipsis with auxiliaries and infinitives in gap-fill sentences about workplace tasks, future plans, missed opportunities and clear reference.",[848],{"id":849,"sentenceTemplate":850,"displayOrder":774,"explanation":851,"exampleSentence":852,"blanks":853},"01a0e1ab-d940-7b99-9590-a2c104280549","The receptionist has emailed the access code to every visitor, but the manager __1__. Here, the missing words are has not emailed the access code to every visitor.","The supplied meaning requires present perfect has not, contracted to hasn’t. The omitted material includes the recipients as well as the action. Doesn’t changes the tense, and haven’t does not agree with the manager.","Our team has checked all the figures in the appendix, but yours hasn’t.",[854],{"id":855,"blankNumber":11,"options":856},"01a0e1ab-d940-7b09-9590-a2c1038ce858",[857,860,864],{"id":858,"optionText":859,"isCorrect":773,"displayOrder":774},"01a0e1ab-d940-79fd-9590-a2c10102df44","doesn't",{"id":861,"optionText":862,"isCorrect":863,"displayOrder":11},"01a0e1ab-d940-7a6d-9590-a2c101f9f57c","hasn't",true,{"id":865,"optionText":866,"isCorrect":773,"displayOrder":16},"01a0e1ab-d940-7ac1-9590-a2c102ceb5bd","haven't",{"html":868,"toc":869},"\u003Cp>Ellipsis lets you leave out material that readers or listeners can recover from the context. With auxiliaries and infinitives, the words you retain show how the understood action relates to tense, modality or negation. The aim is concise expression without unclear reference.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"leave-out-a-recoverable-verb-phrase\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">1.\u003C\u002Fspan>Leave out a recoverable verb phrase\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>In \u003Cstrong>verb phrase ellipsis\u003C\u002Fstrong>, an auxiliary remains while the following verb phrase is understood. The missing material may include the main verb, its objects and other closely connected information.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>Maya \u003Cstrong>has submitted the revised proposal\u003C\u002Fstrong>, but Leo \u003Cstrong>hasn't\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Here, \u003Cstrong>hasn't\u003C\u002Fstrong> means \u003Cem>hasn't submitted the revised proposal\u003C\u002Fem>, not simply \u003Cem>hasn't submitted\u003C\u002Fem>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>I thought the printer \u003Cstrong>would work\u003C\u002Fstrong>, but it \u003Cstrong>didn't\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Here, \u003Cstrong>didn't\u003C\u002Fstrong> means \u003Cem>didn't work\u003C\u002Fem>. The retained auxiliary expresses the actual past result.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>The missing material need not be repeated word for word: its grammatical form adapts to the new subject or auxiliary. However, the intended meaning must be clear. If several actions are possible, repeating the main verb is often better than using ellipsis.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"choose-the-appropriate-auxiliary\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">2.\u003C\u002Fspan>Choose the appropriate auxiliary\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>Retain an auxiliary that fits the meaning of the new clause. If the understood verb phrase has no auxiliary, use \u003Cstrong>do, does\u003C\u002Fstrong> or \u003Cstrong>did\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>Structure\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>Full version\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>With ellipsis\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Modal\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Nina can attend, and Omar can attend too.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Nina can attend, and Omar \u003Cstrong>can\u003C\u002Fstrong> too.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Perfect\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Nina has replied, but Omar hasn't replied.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Nina has replied, but Omar \u003Cstrong>hasn't\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Progressive\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Nina is working, but Omar isn't working.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Nina is working, but Omar \u003Cstrong>isn't\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Passive\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Nina was invited, but Omar wasn't invited.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Nina was invited, but Omar \u003Cstrong>wasn't\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Present simple\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Nina agrees, but Omar doesn't agree.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Nina agrees, but Omar \u003Cstrong>doesn't\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Past simple\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Nina objected, and Omar objected too.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Nina objected, and Omar \u003Cstrong>did\u003C\u002Fstrong> too.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>Agreement and tense belong to the clause containing the ellipsis, not automatically to the earlier clause.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>She \u003Cstrong>works from home\u003C\u002Fstrong>, and I \u003Cstrong>do\u003C\u002Fstrong> too.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>He \u003Cstrong>doesn't drive\u003C\u002Fstrong> now, but he \u003Cstrong>did\u003C\u002Fstrong> before his accident.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>With \u003Cstrong>be\u003C\u002Fstrong> as the main verb, retain \u003Cstrong>be\u003C\u002Fstrong>, not \u003Cstrong>do\u003C\u002Fstrong>: \u003Cem>I wasn't ready, but Elena \u003Cstrong>was\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fem>. Here, the omitted material is the complement \u003Cem>ready\u003C\u002Fem> rather than an action verb phrase.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"decide-how-much-of-an-auxiliary-chain-to-retain\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">3.\u003C\u002Fspan>Decide how much of an auxiliary chain to retain\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>When a clause contains several auxiliaries, ellipsis can begin at different points. More than one shortened version may therefore be possible.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>“Has Lena been working late?”\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>“Yes, she \u003Cstrong>has\u003C\u002Fstrong>.” → \u003Cem>has been working late\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>“Yes, she \u003Cstrong>has been\u003C\u002Fstrong>.” → \u003Cem>has been working late\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>The shorter answer leaves more material understood. The longer answer retains the progressive auxiliary \u003Cstrong>been\u003C\u002Fstrong> and may give that part of the meaning greater emphasis.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Do not remove an auxiliary that is needed to express a new meaning.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>“Did you send the attachment?”\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>“No, but I \u003Cstrong>should have\u003C\u002Fstrong>.” → \u003Cem>should have sent the attachment\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>Here, \u003Cstrong>have\u003C\u002Fstrong> establishes the past-time reference of the unfulfilled obligation. \u003Cem>I should\u003C\u002Fem> would normally suggest a present or future obligation instead.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--warning\">\u003Cp>Do not normally use a contracted affirmative form of \u003Cstrong>be\u003C\u002Fstrong> or \u003Cstrong>have\u003C\u002Fstrong> as the final word in these elliptical clauses.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>✓ “Are you ready?” “Yes, \u003Cstrong>I am\u003C\u002Fstrong>.”\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>✗ “Are you ready?” “Yes, \u003Cstrong>I'm\u003C\u002Fstrong>.”\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>✓ “Has she finished?” “Yes, \u003Cstrong>she has\u003C\u002Fstrong>.”\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>✗ “Has she finished?” “Yes, \u003Cstrong>she's\u003C\u002Fstrong>.”\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Negative contractions are possible: \u003Cstrong>I'm not\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>she hasn't\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>they aren't\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"retain-infinitival-to\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">4.\u003C\u002Fspan>Retain infinitival to\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>After a word or expression that takes a \u003Cstrong>to-infinitive\u003C\u002Fstrong>, you can often retain \u003Cstrong>to\u003C\u002Fstrong> and omit the following verb phrase. This is common after expressions such as \u003Cstrong>want to\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>hope to\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>intend to\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>would like to\u003C\u002Fstrong> and \u003Cstrong>be supposed to\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>I haven't read the report yet, but I \u003Cstrong>intend to\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>You don't have to attend the reception unless you \u003Cstrong>want to\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>They asked me to explain, but I \u003Cstrong>refused to\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>For a negative infinitive, \u003Cstrong>not to\u003C\u002Fstrong> can remain:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cem>I was going to complain, but I decided \u003Cstrong>not to\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>This means \u003Cem>decided not to complain\u003C\u002Fem>. Compare \u003Cem>I \u003Cstrong>didn't decide to\u003C\u002Fstrong> complain\u003C\u002Fem>, which denies making that decision rather than stating a decision against complaining.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--note\">\u003Cp>The \u003Cstrong>to\u003C\u002Fstrong> must be an infinitive marker, not a preposition. You cannot shorten \u003Cem>I'm looking forward to meeting you\u003C\u002Fem> to \u003Cem>I'm looking forward to\u003C\u002Fem>: this expression needs a complement after the preposition \u003Cstrong>to\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"keep-be-or-have-when-the-structure-needs-it\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">5.\u003C\u002Fspan>Keep be or have when the structure needs it\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>Do not assume that every infinitive must be shortened to \u003Cstrong>to\u003C\u002Fstrong> alone. Retaining \u003Cstrong>be\u003C\u002Fstrong> or perfect \u003Cstrong>have\u003C\u002Fstrong> can preserve an important structural or time distinction.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Copular be:\u003C\u002Fstrong> \u003Cem>I'm not a member, but I'd like \u003Cstrong>to be\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fem>. The omitted complement is \u003Cem>a member\u003C\u002Fem>.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Passive be:\u003C\u002Fstrong> \u003Cem>She wasn't shortlisted, although she had expected \u003Cstrong>to be\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fem>. The omitted word is \u003Cem>shortlisted\u003C\u002Fem>.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Perfect have:\u003C\u002Fstrong> \u003Cem>I haven't finished yet, but by Friday I expect \u003Cstrong>to have\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fem>. The understood phrase is \u003Cem>finished\u003C\u002Fem>; \u003Cstrong>have\u003C\u002Fstrong> presents completion by the future reference point.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>These are different from \u003Cem>I haven't finished yet, but I hope \u003Cstrong>to\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fem>, where \u003Cstrong>to\u003C\u002Fstrong> stands for the ordinary infinitive \u003Cem>to finish\u003C\u002Fem>. Choose the structure for the intended meaning rather than mechanically copying the earlier auxiliary.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"check-reference-and-emphasis\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">6.\u003C\u002Fspan>Check reference and emphasis\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>Ellipsis is common in conversation, but it also makes formal writing less repetitive. In speech, a retained auxiliary often receives stress when it marks a contrast: \u003Cem>I thought she wouldn't object, but she \u003Cstrong>DID\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fem>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Be especially careful with possessives:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>Anna revised her proposal, and Ben \u003Cstrong>did\u003C\u002Fstrong> too.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>This can mean that Ben revised \u003Cstrong>Anna's proposal\u003C\u002Fstrong> or that he revised \u003Cstrong>his own proposal\u003C\u002Fstrong>. Context may resolve the reference; otherwise, state it explicitly.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>Before using ellipsis, check:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Col>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Recovery:\u003C\u002Fstrong> Is the omitted action or complement identifiable?\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Grammar:\u003C\u002Fstrong> Does the retained auxiliary fit the new subject and tense?\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Meaning:\u003C\u002Fstrong> Have you preserved necessary modality, negation and time reference?\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Clarity:\u003C\u002Fstrong> Could a pronoun or possessive be understood in two ways?\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Fol>\n\u003Cp>Keep \u003Cstrong>an auxiliary\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>to\u003C\u002Fstrong>, or \u003Cstrong>to be \u002F to have\u003C\u002Fstrong> as the structure requires. Repeat the missing words whenever brevity would make the meaning uncertain.\u003C\u002Fp>\n",[870,874,878,882,886,890],{"id":871,"text":872,"depth":16,"number":873},"leave-out-a-recoverable-verb-phrase","Leave out a recoverable verb phrase","1",{"id":875,"text":876,"depth":16,"number":877},"choose-the-appropriate-auxiliary","Choose the appropriate auxiliary","2",{"id":879,"text":880,"depth":16,"number":881},"decide-how-much-of-an-auxiliary-chain-to-retain","Decide how much of an auxiliary chain to retain","3",{"id":883,"text":884,"depth":16,"number":885},"retain-infinitival-to","Retain infinitival to","4",{"id":887,"text":888,"depth":16,"number":889},"keep-be-or-have-when-the-structure-needs-it","Keep be or have when the structure needs it","5",{"id":891,"text":892,"depth":16,"number":893},"check-reference-and-emphasis","Check reference and emphasis","6"]