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Other","another-other-others-the-other",70.75,{"id":474,"title":475,"slug":476,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":477},"019b7f43-6879-7d25-94aa-fe53784d39c4","Clauses & Linking Words (Cause, Effect, Contrast, Purpose)","cause-and-effect",71,{"id":479,"title":480,"slug":481,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":482},"019b93a4-f831-7564-898b-bd3291f2af79","Second Conditional","second-conditional",72,{"id":484,"title":485,"slug":486,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":487},"019b93bb-80fa-76ce-8b72-e7352b6083b0","Third Conditional","third-conditional",73,{"id":489,"title":490,"slug":491,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":492},"019b9421-c1ca-7371-93ae-96dd1106e47c","Reported speech \u002F Indirect speech","reported-speech-indirect-speech",74,{"id":494,"title":495,"slug":496,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":497},"019dfd54-bbaf-7b5b-921a-1fb3d0c2a2a6","Gerund vs Infinitive","gerund-vs-infinitive",74.5,{"id":499,"title":500,"slug":501,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":502},"01a0e1ab-d5d8-7484-8fca-82bc3d0644d7","Indirect Questions with If, Whether and Question Words","indirect-questions-with-if-whether-and-question-words",74.51,{"id":504,"title":505,"slug":506,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":507},"01a0e1ab-d564-7990-a767-ffb4264741b3","Be Used to and Get Used to","be-used-to-and-get-used-to",74.52,{"id":509,"title":510,"slug":511,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":512},"01a0e1ab-d5fd-7a5b-8f33-7d17c98ef74a","So Do I and Neither Do I","so-do-i-and-neither-do-i",74.53,{"id":514,"title":515,"slug":516,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":517},"01a0e1ab-d627-7249-805f-9514f407e8a4","Verbs with Two Objects: To and For","verbs-with-two-objects-to-and-for",74.54,{"id":519,"title":520,"slug":521,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":522},"01a0e1ab-d621-75b7-8c67-9601c998b52e","Verbs with Dependent Prepositions","verbs-with-dependent-prepositions",74.55,{"id":524,"title":525,"slug":526,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":527},"01a0e1ab-d5eb-7838-9223-95e410fff7b9","Nouns with Dependent Prepositions","nouns-with-dependent-prepositions",74.56,{"id":529,"title":530,"slug":531,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":532},"01a0e1ab-d5cc-783e-9492-99f1542755f2","Had Better: Advice and Warnings","had-better-advice-and-warnings",74.57,{"id":534,"title":535,"slug":536,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":538},"019b986e-3c6a-72a3-9d42-65053d9e4657","Past Perfect (B2)","past-perfect-b2","B2",75,{"id":540,"title":541,"slug":542,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":543},"019b9875-a5b8-753a-8892-02d60cf124f3","Past Perfect Continuous","past-perfect-continuous",76,{"id":545,"title":546,"slug":547,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":548},"019b98ad-b43d-70eb-9bf8-98360d4b8745","Narrative tenses","narrative-tenses",77,{"id":550,"title":551,"slug":552,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":553},"019b98bb-42d1-7d70-8952-3f7934673d2c","Would - Expressing habits in the past","would-expressing-habits-in-the-past",78,{"id":555,"title":556,"slug":557,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":558},"019b98bd-abbe-77ac-84ec-e3ed78abff75","Future Continuous (B2)","future-continuous-b2",79,{"id":560,"title":561,"slug":562,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":563},"019b996c-756a-7595-8991-7fbfd497bca0","Future Perfect","future-perfect",80,{"id":565,"title":566,"slug":567,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":568},"019b9973-ccc0-7aea-94b3-d59ca2b27d38","Future Perfect Continuous","future-perfect-continuous",81,{"id":570,"title":571,"slug":572,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":573},"019dfde9-8a73-7247-ac3c-834f3e800f0a","Future in the Past","future-in-the-past",81.5,{"id":575,"title":576,"slug":577,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":578},"019b997c-1273-7267-bc94-e10133989373","Adjectives and Adverbs","adjectives-and-adverbs",82,{"id":580,"title":581,"slug":582,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":583},"019dfd9b-c2c7-7f83-b2ce-1554f06f427c","Discourse Markers","discourse-markers",82.5,{"id":585,"title":586,"slug":587,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":588},"019ba3df-b04f-7684-9f23-1939e873ec29","Defining & non-defining relative clauses","defining-non-defining-relative-clauses",83,{"id":590,"title":591,"slug":592,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":593},"019ba3fc-5f03-7360-a405-79bca6f524d2","Passive voice","passive-voice",84,{"id":595,"title":596,"slug":597,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":598},"019ba7c7-5eb8-76f4-a04c-ce82fa1b4568","Passive Voice: Additional Uses and Nuances","passive-voice-additional-uses-and-nuances",85,{"id":600,"title":601,"slug":602,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":603},"019dfdfa-7403-7489-8772-2ee826b8e57b","There vs It","there-vs-it",85.5,{"id":605,"title":606,"slug":607,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":608},"019ba7d2-7094-7519-b0f1-7b9c0b8d1a84","Deduction & Speculation (Modals)","deduction-speculation-modals",86,{"id":610,"title":611,"slug":612,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":613},"019ba7e3-8713-7c45-a547-be8a80ad5763","Modals (can’t have & needn’t have)","modals-cant-have-neednt-have",87,{"id":615,"title":616,"slug":617,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":618},"019ba7f0-c7aa-7cb5-820b-7cf90b088c6d","Wish (Expressing Regret, Desire, and Imagined Situations)","wish-expressing-regret-desire-and-imagined-situations",88,{"id":620,"title":621,"slug":622,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":623},"019ba801-1386-70f7-b6f1-0000e045cc8b","Mixed Conditionals","mixed-conditionals",89,{"id":625,"title":626,"slug":627,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":628},"019ba80b-0997-7e31-aec6-b14a79efe69e","Reported Speech","reported-speech",90,{"id":630,"title":631,"slug":632,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":633},"019dfdf1-5b30-731a-b71e-63d79f5a409b","Verb Patterns","verb-patterns",90.5,{"id":635,"title":636,"slug":637,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":638},"01a0e1ab-d608-72f0-ae7b-02084e6afb58","Subject-Verb Agreement with Complex Subjects","subject-verb-agreement-with-complex-subjects",90.51,{"id":640,"title":641,"slug":642,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":643},"01a0e1ab-d5f1-7df8-9e70-f2c2ebdb7f87","Participle Clauses for Time, Reason and Result","participle-clauses-for-time-reason-and-result",90.52,{"id":645,"title":646,"slug":647,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":648},"01a0e1ab-d5b1-734c-b34d-419db9e26b1d","Emphatic Do, Does and Did","emphatic-do-does-and-did",90.53,{"id":650,"title":651,"slug":652,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":653},"01a0e1ab-d633-7103-8c29-0ff220ac6d29","Would Rather, Would Prefer and Prefer","would-rather-would-prefer-and-prefer",90.54,{"id":655,"title":656,"slug":657,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":658},"01a0e1ab-d614-7ce6-bb2b-df1c89246cd8","That-Clauses and Whether-Clauses as Complements","that-clauses-and-whether-clauses-as-complements",90.55,{"id":660,"title":661,"slug":662,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":664},"019ba879-7d5a-7e14-8941-8c79d67c94ed","Narrative tenses for experience, incl. passive","narrative-tenses-for-experience-incl-passive","C1",91,{"id":666,"title":667,"slug":668,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":669},"019ba883-e2dd-7cf2-becf-a1b53f06feaa","Future Tenses (Revision)","future-tenses-revision",92,{"id":671,"title":672,"slug":673,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":674},"019ba891-4e3d-7714-b92c-7cab6023957a","Mixed Conditionals (Past, present & future)","mixed-conditionals-past-present-future",93,{"id":676,"title":677,"slug":678,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":679},"019ba897-8cbb-7842-ad6e-c6e11ffa1701","Wish \u002F If only (Regrets)","wish-if-only-regrets",94,{"id":681,"title":682,"slug":683,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":684},"019ba8a9-71c4-7787-96a0-6a02f8a55e49","Passive Forms","passive-forms",95,{"id":686,"title":687,"slug":688,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":689},"019ba8b8-bc3e-7662-8e7a-4c432325ad08","Modals in the past","modals-in-the-past",96,{"id":691,"title":692,"slug":693,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":694},"019dfe19-a32b-7ab1-9be5-4aebce963308","Modal Verbs: Will, Would & Should","modal-verbs-will-would-should",96.5,{"id":696,"title":697,"slug":698,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":699},"019dfe2a-3524-779c-9c22-273be8bd4134","Modal Verbs: Can, Could, May & Might","modal-verbs-can-could-may-might",96.75,{"id":701,"title":702,"slug":703,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":704},"019ba8c3-4434-78e7-a2af-f992da01a459","Inversion with negative adverbials","inversion-with-negative-adverbials",97,{"id":706,"title":707,"slug":708,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":709},"01a0e1ab-d5aa-756b-b06b-76ca59800cb2","Ellipsis with Auxiliaries and Infinitives","ellipsis-with-auxiliaries-and-infinitives",97.01,{"id":711,"title":712,"slug":713,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":714},"01a0e1ab-d60e-7755-901b-763344a63a75","Substitution with Do So, So and Not","substitution-with-do-so-so-and-not",97.02,{"id":716,"title":717,"slug":718,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":719},"01a0e1ab-d57e-70e9-98fe-8107fd9c38c1","Complex Noun Phrases: Modification and Complementation","complex-noun-phrases-modification-and-complementation",97.03,{"id":721,"title":722,"slug":723,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":724},"01a0e1ab-d5e5-73b5-b5bc-53d16d704466","Nominalisation and Noun-Based Style","nominalisation-and-noun-based-style",97.04,{"id":726,"title":727,"slug":728,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":729},"01a0e1ab-d61b-7161-8c0a-c5eded00cf86","The Subjunctive in Demands and Recommendations","the-subjunctive-in-demands-and-recommendations",97.05,{"id":731,"title":732,"slug":733,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":734},"01a0e1ab-d56c-78aa-b897-1469dd6a3315","Cleft Sentences: It-Clefts, Wh-Clefts and All-Clefts","cleft-sentences-it-clefts-wh-clefts-and-all-clefts",97.06,{"id":736,"title":737,"slug":738,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":739},"01a0e1ab-d594-7dd6-9ff4-94959247d273","Concession with Whatever, No Matter and As","concession-with-whatever-no-matter-and-as",97.07,{"id":741,"title":742,"slug":743,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":745},"01a0e1ab-d542-7721-9c84-6e47716ee54b","Absolute and Verbless Supplementary Clauses","absolute-and-verbless-supplementary-clauses","C2",98,{"id":747,"title":748,"slug":749,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":750},"01a0e1ab-d5bf-7022-8177-a107314b83fb","Free Relative Clauses: Reference and Ambiguity","free-relative-clauses-reference-and-ambiguity",99,{"id":752,"title":753,"slug":754,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":755},"01a0e1ab-d5c5-7677-85af-023326574682","Gapping and Shared Elements in Coordination","gapping-and-shared-elements-in-coordination",100,{"id":757,"title":758,"slug":759,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":760},"01a0e1ab-d59c-7289-a960-fc9da7101a43","Dislocation and Resumptive Pronouns in Spoken Discourse","dislocation-and-resumptive-pronouns-in-spoken-discourse",101,{"id":762,"title":763,"slug":764,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":765},"01a0e1ab-d5de-7245-aaf8-c59b501eafc4","Negation, Quantifier Scope and Ambiguity","negation-quantifier-scope-and-ambiguity",102,{"id":721,"title":722,"slug":723,"seoDescription":767,"content":768,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":724,"grammarTopics":769,"createdAt":775,"updatedAt":776,"vocabularyLists":777,"primaryTopicHub":778,"readyImages":780},"Learn how nominalisation shapes formal English: form nouns from verbs and adjectives, link ideas, preserve meaning and avoid dense, impersonal prose.","Nominalisation presents an action, process or quality as a noun: **decide → decision**, **accurate → accuracy**. In formal writing, it helps writers connect ideas and focus on concepts rather than people. Effective noun-based style preserves the original meaning without making the prose unnecessarily dense.\n\n## 1. What nominalisation changes\n\nCompare two ways of presenting the same event:\n\n:::example\nThe committee **rejected** the proposal. This surprised investors.\n\nThe committee’s **rejection of the proposal** surprised investors.\n:::\n\nThe verb-based version first reports an event. The noun-based version treats that event as something already identified and makes it the subject of a further statement.\n\nNominalisation is useful when you want to:\n\n- name a process or quality precisely;\n- refer back to an earlier statement;\n- compare or evaluate ideas;\n- focus on an event when the person responsible is unknown or irrelevant.\n\nIt is common in academic, technical and administrative writing, but it is not automatically more appropriate than a verb-based sentence.\n\n## 2. Forming the noun\n\nEnglish has several common patterns, but there is no single ending that works with every verb or adjective.\n\n| Source | Nominalisation | Example in context |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| investigate | investigation | an **investigation into** the incident |\n| develop | development | the **development of** a new vaccine |\n| refuse | refusal | their **refusal to cooperate** |\n| accurate | accuracy | the **accuracy of** the measurements |\n| stable | stability | economic **stability** |\n| aware | awareness | public **awareness of** the risks |\n| increase | increase | an **increase in** demand |\n\nSome nouns have the same written form as the verb; others involve changes that must be learned individually. The noun’s following structure also matters: **refuse to cooperate → refusal to cooperate**, not *refusal of cooperate*.\n\nAn **-ing** clause can also occupy a position commonly occupied by a noun phrase:\n\n- **Collecting reliable data** takes time.\n- **The collection of reliable data** takes time.\n\nIn the first sentence, **collecting** retains verb grammar and takes the direct object **reliable data**. In the second, **collection** is a noun, with **the** and an **of** phrase. Both are natural; the second is more explicitly noun-based.\n\n:::tip\nLearn a nominalisation together with its usual pattern: **access to**, **participation in**, **a decision to do something**. Do not assume that the noun keeps the verb’s structure.\n:::\n\n## 3. Rebuilding the sentence accurately\n\nNominalisation involves more than replacing a verb with a noun. Participants and descriptive words often need new forms.\n\n:::example\nThe council **approved the plan quickly**.\n\nThe council’s **quick approval of the plan** allowed work to begin.\n\nThe **quick approval of the plan by the council** allowed work to begin.\n:::\n\nHere, the changes are:\n\n| Verb-based sentence | Noun-based expression |\n| --- | --- |\n| the council: the actor | **the council’s** or **by the council** |\n| the plan: what was approved | **of the plan** |\n| quickly: an adverb | **quick**: an adjective |\n\nNot every nominalisation follows this exact pattern. Choose the structure required by the noun and make the relationships clear.\n\n:::warning\nA noun phrase can leave a participant’s role unclear. **The criticism of the director** may mean criticism directed at the director or, in context, criticism expressed by the director. Use **criticism directed at the director** or **criticism expressed by the director** when the distinction matters.\n:::\n\n## 4. Connecting and developing ideas\n\nA nominalisation can package information from one sentence as the starting point of the next. This helps the reader follow an argument.\n\n:::example\nThe two laboratories **collaborated** on the trial. **This collaboration** reduced costs and improved consistency.\n\nThe results were **inconsistent** across the three trials. **This inconsistency** limits the strength of the conclusion.\n:::\n\nThe second sentence does not simply repeat the first: it evaluates the event or quality already introduced.\n\nNoun-based structures also make parallel comparisons possible:\n\n**The expansion of the service** increased access, whereas **the reduction in staffing** caused longer waiting times.\n\nThe parallel noun phrases make the contrast prominent. Use this technique when the comparison is important, not merely to make a sentence sound formal.\n\n## 5. Preserving time, certainty and responsibility\n\nUnlike a finite verb, a nominalisation does not itself mark tense or express possibility. These meanings may need to appear elsewhere.\n\n:::example\nThe company **may close** the factory next year.\n\nThe **possible closure of the factory next year** has worried employees.\n:::\n\nWriting only **the closure of the factory** could suggest that the closure is established or expected. **Possible** preserves the uncertainty.\n\nSimilarly, **the minister’s rejection of the proposal last week** retains information about who acted and when. **The rejection of the proposal** omits both details unless the surrounding text supplies them.\n\n:::note\nOmitting the actor can be useful when the process is the real focus: **Evaporation causes cooling.** However, it can also obscure responsibility: **The destruction of the records was unfortunate.** If responsibility matters, identify who destroyed them.\n:::\n\n## 6. Choosing clarity over unnecessary nouns\n\nSome noun-and-verb combinations are established and natural: **make a decision**, **conduct an investigation**, **reach an agreement**. They are not errors. However, a direct verb is often shorter.\n\n| Noun-based version | More direct version |\n| --- | --- |\n| We conducted an analysis of the samples. | We analysed the samples. |\n| The team made a decision to postpone the launch. | The team decided to postpone the launch. |\n| There was an improvement in response times. | Response times improved. |\n\nThe best choice depends on emphasis. **We conducted a detailed analysis** gives useful prominence to the type of analysis. **We analysed the samples** efficiently reports what happened.\n\nLong chains can be harder to process:\n\n**The implementation of the revision of the assessment procedure caused delays.**\n\nA clearer version is:\n\n**Implementing the revised assessment procedure caused delays.**\n\n## 7. A practical editing checklist\n\nBefore keeping a nominalisation, ask:\n\n1. Does the noun help name, connect, compare or evaluate an idea?\n2. Are the actor and other participants clear where they matter?\n3. Have I preserved time, uncertainty and the original meaning?\n4. Have I used the noun’s correct following structure?\n5. Would a direct verb make the sentence easier to read without losing useful emphasis?\n\nUse **nouns to organise concepts** and **verbs to express actions clearly**. Strong formal writing combines both.",[770],{"id":771,"name":772,"level":663,"language":9,"isCompleted":773,"completionPercentage":774,"totalExercises":26,"completedExercises":774},"01a0e1ab-d504-739c-a9ba-cdb44465500f","Complex noun phrases and nominalisation",false,0,"2026-09-27T07:02:10+00:00","2026-10-14T10:40:29+00:00",[],{"name":772,"slug":779,"language":9},"complex-noun-phrases-and-nominalisation-c1",[],{"id":771,"name":772,"slug":779,"language":9,"level":663,"introduction":782,"lessonCount":16,"totalExercises":26,"objectives":783,"prerequisites":787,"lessons":789},"Formal English packs much of its meaning into noun phrases. First learn how heads, modifiers and complements combine into a clear long noun phrase; then turn verbs and adjectives into nouns to write in a compact academic style without losing who did what.",[784,785,786],"Build and punctuate noun phrases with pre-modifiers, post-modifiers and complements.","Form nominalisations from verbs and adjectives and link ideas with them.","Judge when a noun-based style becomes too dense or impersonal and rewrite it.",[788],"Use B2 relative clauses, participle clauses and noun complements.",[790,802],{"id":716,"contentId":791,"slug":718,"title":717,"level":663,"summary":792,"order":11,"exercises":793},"pg_0ece08b9-0e52-4179-9a6e-adeba8c53d2d","Breaks complex noun phrases into head, pre- and post-modifiers and complements, showing how clause choice, order and punctuation affect clarity.",[794,798],{"id":795,"title":796,"order":774,"type":797},"01a0e1ab-d795-7211-9e8d-d6323e14a5d0","Complex Noun Phrases: Modification and Complementation — Forms in Context","word_select",{"id":799,"title":800,"order":11,"type":801},"01a0e1ab-d7ba-705a-9561-b53b289c2417","Complex Noun Phrases: Modification and Complementation — Build the Sentences","sentence_builder",{"id":721,"contentId":803,"slug":723,"title":722,"level":663,"summary":804,"order":16,"exercises":805},"pg_5f3603d0-ca4f-4e6f-9a92-7653e3956a05","Forms nouns from verbs and adjectives to build formal, noun-based prose, and shows when nominalisation hides meaning or becomes too dense.",[806,809],{"id":807,"title":808,"order":774,"type":797},"01a0e1ab-dbec-7249-a148-55c49acdfe5b","Nominalisation and Noun-Based Style — Forms in Context",{"id":810,"title":811,"order":11,"type":801},"01a0e1ab-dc0a-7cfd-bf72-974fd4994780","Nominalisation and Noun-Based Style — Build the Sentences",[813,819],{"@id":814,"@type":815,"id":807,"grammarPage":816,"title":808,"instructions":817,"displayOrder":774,"type":797,"questionCount":91,"blankCount":126,"isCompleted":773,"ogImageUrl":818},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a0e1ab-dbec-7249-a148-55c49acdfe5b","GrammarExercise","\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_pages\u002F01a0e1ab-d5e5-73b5-b5bc-53d16d704466","Choose the option that completes each sentence. Where an editing goal is given, preserve the original meaning and follow that goal.","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_8c876a72-9a12-4345-ad7c-4340baa57758_hero.webp?v=1790492531",{"@id":820,"@type":815,"id":810,"grammarPage":816,"title":811,"instructions":821,"displayOrder":11,"type":801,"questionCount":76,"blankCount":76,"isCompleted":773,"ogImageUrl":822},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a0e1ab-dc0a-7cfd-bf72-974fd4994780","Arrange the word tiles to build a complete sentence. Leave out the extra word.","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_119a8f36-f9c2-4f12-a92a-e282c2f71909_hero.webp?v=1790492531",{"id":807,"grammarPage":816,"title":808,"instructions":817,"seoTitle":824,"seoDescription":825,"displayOrder":774,"type":797,"questions":826,"ogImageUrl":818},"Nominalisation: Forms and Clear Formal Style","Practise nominalisation through gap-fill sentences about research, public services and workplace decisions, preserving meaning in clear formal prose.",[827],{"id":828,"sentenceTemplate":829,"displayOrder":774,"explanation":830,"exampleSentence":831,"blanks":832},"01a0e1ab-dbec-74b1-a148-55c49d2d04f0","The readings must be accurate: the __1__ of these readings determines whether the equipment is safe.","The article the and the following of phrase require a noun naming the quality. Accuracy is the noun; accurate is an adjective and accurately is an adverb.","We cannot assess the accuracy of the forecast until tomorrow.",[833],{"id":834,"blankNumber":11,"options":835},"01a0e1ab-dbec-745d-a148-55c49cb03fd0",[836,839,843],{"id":837,"optionText":838,"isCorrect":773,"displayOrder":774},"01a0e1ab-dbec-73ad-a148-55c49b178052","accurate",{"id":840,"optionText":841,"isCorrect":842,"displayOrder":11},"01a0e1ab-dbec-73f5-a148-55c49b4b6318","accuracy",true,{"id":844,"optionText":845,"isCorrect":773,"displayOrder":16},"01a0e1ab-dbec-7431-a148-55c49bcbeb18","accurately",{"html":847,"toc":848},"\u003Cp>Nominalisation presents an action, process or quality as a noun: \u003Cstrong>decide → decision\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>accurate → accuracy\u003C\u002Fstrong>. In formal writing, it helps writers connect ideas and focus on concepts rather than people. Effective noun-based style preserves the original meaning without making the prose unnecessarily dense.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"what-nominalisation-changes\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">1.\u003C\u002Fspan>What nominalisation changes\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>Compare two ways of presenting the same event:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>The committee \u003Cstrong>rejected\u003C\u002Fstrong> the proposal. This surprised investors.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>The committee’s \u003Cstrong>rejection of the proposal\u003C\u002Fstrong> surprised investors.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>The verb-based version first reports an event. The noun-based version treats that event as something already identified and makes it the subject of a further statement.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Nominalisation is useful when you want to:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>name a process or quality precisely;\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>refer back to an earlier statement;\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>compare or evaluate ideas;\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>focus on an event when the person responsible is unknown or irrelevant.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>It is common in academic, technical and administrative writing, but it is not automatically more appropriate than a verb-based sentence.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"forming-the-noun\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">2.\u003C\u002Fspan>Forming the noun\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>English has several common patterns, but there is no single ending that works with every verb or adjective.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>Source\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>Nominalisation\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>Example in context\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>investigate\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>investigation\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>an \u003Cstrong>investigation into\u003C\u002Fstrong> the incident\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>develop\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>development\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>the \u003Cstrong>development of\u003C\u002Fstrong> a new vaccine\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>refuse\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>refusal\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>their \u003Cstrong>refusal to cooperate\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>accurate\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>accuracy\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>the \u003Cstrong>accuracy of\u003C\u002Fstrong> the measurements\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>stable\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>stability\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>economic \u003Cstrong>stability\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>aware\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>awareness\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>public \u003Cstrong>awareness of\u003C\u002Fstrong> the risks\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>increase\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>increase\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>an \u003Cstrong>increase in\u003C\u002Fstrong> demand\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>Some nouns have the same written form as the verb; others involve changes that must be learned individually. The noun’s following structure also matters: \u003Cstrong>refuse to cooperate → refusal to cooperate\u003C\u002Fstrong>, not \u003Cem>refusal of cooperate\u003C\u002Fem>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>An \u003Cstrong>-ing\u003C\u002Fstrong> clause can also occupy a position commonly occupied by a noun phrase:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Collecting reliable data\u003C\u002Fstrong> takes time.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>The collection of reliable data\u003C\u002Fstrong> takes time.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>In the first sentence, \u003Cstrong>collecting\u003C\u002Fstrong> retains verb grammar and takes the direct object \u003Cstrong>reliable data\u003C\u002Fstrong>. In the second, \u003Cstrong>collection\u003C\u002Fstrong> is a noun, with \u003Cstrong>the\u003C\u002Fstrong> and an \u003Cstrong>of\u003C\u002Fstrong> phrase. Both are natural; the second is more explicitly noun-based.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--tip\">\u003Cp>Learn a nominalisation together with its usual pattern: \u003Cstrong>access to\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>participation in\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>a decision to do something\u003C\u002Fstrong>. Do not assume that the noun keeps the verb’s structure.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"rebuilding-the-sentence-accurately\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">3.\u003C\u002Fspan>Rebuilding the sentence accurately\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>Nominalisation involves more than replacing a verb with a noun. Participants and descriptive words often need new forms.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>The council \u003Cstrong>approved the plan quickly\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>The council’s \u003Cstrong>quick approval of the plan\u003C\u002Fstrong> allowed work to begin.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>The \u003Cstrong>quick approval of the plan by the council\u003C\u002Fstrong> allowed work to begin.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>Here, the changes are:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>Verb-based sentence\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>Noun-based expression\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>the council: the actor\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>the council’s\u003C\u002Fstrong> or \u003Cstrong>by the council\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>the plan: what was approved\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>of the plan\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>quickly: an adverb\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>quick\u003C\u002Fstrong>: an adjective\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>Not every nominalisation follows this exact pattern. Choose the structure required by the noun and make the relationships clear.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--warning\">\u003Cp>A noun phrase can leave a participant’s role unclear. \u003Cstrong>The criticism of the director\u003C\u002Fstrong> may mean criticism directed at the director or, in context, criticism expressed by the director. Use \u003Cstrong>criticism directed at the director\u003C\u002Fstrong> or \u003Cstrong>criticism expressed by the director\u003C\u002Fstrong> when the distinction matters.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"connecting-and-developing-ideas\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">4.\u003C\u002Fspan>Connecting and developing ideas\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>A nominalisation can package information from one sentence as the starting point of the next. This helps the reader follow an argument.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>The two laboratories \u003Cstrong>collaborated\u003C\u002Fstrong> on the trial. \u003Cstrong>This collaboration\u003C\u002Fstrong> reduced costs and improved consistency.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>The results were \u003Cstrong>inconsistent\u003C\u002Fstrong> across the three trials. \u003Cstrong>This inconsistency\u003C\u002Fstrong> limits the strength of the conclusion.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>The second sentence does not simply repeat the first: it evaluates the event or quality already introduced.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Noun-based structures also make parallel comparisons possible:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>The expansion of the service\u003C\u002Fstrong> increased access, whereas \u003Cstrong>the reduction in staffing\u003C\u002Fstrong> caused longer waiting times.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>The parallel noun phrases make the contrast prominent. Use this technique when the comparison is important, not merely to make a sentence sound formal.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"preserving-time-certainty-and-responsibility\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">5.\u003C\u002Fspan>Preserving time, certainty and responsibility\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>Unlike a finite verb, a nominalisation does not itself mark tense or express possibility. These meanings may need to appear elsewhere.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>The company \u003Cstrong>may close\u003C\u002Fstrong> the factory next year.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>The \u003Cstrong>possible closure of the factory next year\u003C\u002Fstrong> has worried employees.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>Writing only \u003Cstrong>the closure of the factory\u003C\u002Fstrong> could suggest that the closure is established or expected. \u003Cstrong>Possible\u003C\u002Fstrong> preserves the uncertainty.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Similarly, \u003Cstrong>the minister’s rejection of the proposal last week\u003C\u002Fstrong> retains information about who acted and when. \u003Cstrong>The rejection of the proposal\u003C\u002Fstrong> omits both details unless the surrounding text supplies them.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--note\">\u003Cp>Omitting the actor can be useful when the process is the real focus: \u003Cstrong>Evaporation causes cooling.\u003C\u002Fstrong> However, it can also obscure responsibility: \u003Cstrong>The destruction of the records was unfortunate.\u003C\u002Fstrong> If responsibility matters, identify who destroyed them.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"choosing-clarity-over-unnecessary-nouns\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">6.\u003C\u002Fspan>Choosing clarity over unnecessary nouns\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>Some noun-and-verb combinations are established and natural: \u003Cstrong>make a decision\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>conduct an investigation\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>reach an agreement\u003C\u002Fstrong>. They are not errors. However, a direct verb is often shorter.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>Noun-based version\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>More direct version\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>We conducted an analysis of the samples.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>We analysed the samples.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>The team made a decision to postpone the launch.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>The team decided to postpone the launch.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>There was an improvement in response times.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Response times improved.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>The best choice depends on emphasis. \u003Cstrong>We conducted a detailed analysis\u003C\u002Fstrong> gives useful prominence to the type of analysis. \u003Cstrong>We analysed the samples\u003C\u002Fstrong> efficiently reports what happened.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Long chains can be harder to process:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>The implementation of the revision of the assessment procedure caused delays.\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>A clearer version is:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Implementing the revised assessment procedure caused delays.\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"a-practical-editing-checklist\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">7.\u003C\u002Fspan>A practical editing checklist\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>Before keeping a nominalisation, ask:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Col>\n\u003Cli>Does the noun help name, connect, compare or evaluate an idea?\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>Are the actor and other participants clear where they matter?\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>Have I preserved time, uncertainty and the original meaning?\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>Have I used the noun’s correct following structure?\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>Would a direct verb make the sentence easier to read without losing useful emphasis?\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Fol>\n\u003Cp>Use \u003Cstrong>nouns to organise concepts\u003C\u002Fstrong> and \u003Cstrong>verbs to express actions clearly\u003C\u002Fstrong>. Strong formal writing combines both.\u003C\u002Fp>\n",[849,853,857,861,865,869,873],{"id":850,"text":851,"depth":16,"number":852},"what-nominalisation-changes","What nominalisation changes","1",{"id":854,"text":855,"depth":16,"number":856},"forming-the-noun","Forming the noun","2",{"id":858,"text":859,"depth":16,"number":860},"rebuilding-the-sentence-accurately","Rebuilding the sentence accurately","3",{"id":862,"text":863,"depth":16,"number":864},"connecting-and-developing-ideas","Connecting and developing ideas","4",{"id":866,"text":867,"depth":16,"number":868},"preserving-time-certainty-and-responsibility","Preserving time, certainty and responsibility","5",{"id":870,"text":871,"depth":16,"number":872},"choosing-clarity-over-unnecessary-nouns","Choosing clarity over unnecessary nouns","6",{"id":874,"text":875,"depth":16,"number":876},"a-practical-editing-checklist","A practical editing checklist","7"]