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Other","another-other-others-the-other",70.75,{"id":474,"title":475,"slug":476,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":477},"019b7f43-6879-7d25-94aa-fe53784d39c4","Clauses & Linking Words (Cause, Effect, Contrast, Purpose)","cause-and-effect",71,{"id":479,"title":480,"slug":481,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":482},"019b93a4-f831-7564-898b-bd3291f2af79","Second Conditional","second-conditional",72,{"id":484,"title":485,"slug":486,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":487},"019b93bb-80fa-76ce-8b72-e7352b6083b0","Third Conditional","third-conditional",73,{"id":489,"title":490,"slug":491,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":492},"019b9421-c1ca-7371-93ae-96dd1106e47c","Reported speech \u002F Indirect speech","reported-speech-indirect-speech",74,{"id":494,"title":495,"slug":496,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":497},"019dfd54-bbaf-7b5b-921a-1fb3d0c2a2a6","Gerund vs Infinitive","gerund-vs-infinitive",74.5,{"id":499,"title":500,"slug":501,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":502},"01a0e1ab-d5d8-7484-8fca-82bc3d0644d7","Indirect Questions with If, Whether and Question Words","indirect-questions-with-if-whether-and-question-words",74.51,{"id":504,"title":505,"slug":506,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":507},"01a0e1ab-d564-7990-a767-ffb4264741b3","Be Used to and Get Used to","be-used-to-and-get-used-to",74.52,{"id":509,"title":510,"slug":511,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":512},"01a0e1ab-d5fd-7a5b-8f33-7d17c98ef74a","So Do I and Neither Do I","so-do-i-and-neither-do-i",74.53,{"id":514,"title":515,"slug":516,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":517},"01a0e1ab-d627-7249-805f-9514f407e8a4","Verbs with Two Objects: To and For","verbs-with-two-objects-to-and-for",74.54,{"id":519,"title":520,"slug":521,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":522},"01a0e1ab-d621-75b7-8c67-9601c998b52e","Verbs with Dependent Prepositions","verbs-with-dependent-prepositions",74.55,{"id":524,"title":525,"slug":526,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":527},"01a0e1ab-d5eb-7838-9223-95e410fff7b9","Nouns with Dependent Prepositions","nouns-with-dependent-prepositions",74.56,{"id":529,"title":530,"slug":531,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":532},"01a0e1ab-d5cc-783e-9492-99f1542755f2","Had Better: Advice and Warnings","had-better-advice-and-warnings",74.57,{"id":534,"title":535,"slug":536,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":538},"019b986e-3c6a-72a3-9d42-65053d9e4657","Past Perfect (B2)","past-perfect-b2","B2",75,{"id":540,"title":541,"slug":542,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":543},"019b9875-a5b8-753a-8892-02d60cf124f3","Past Perfect Continuous","past-perfect-continuous",76,{"id":545,"title":546,"slug":547,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":548},"019b98ad-b43d-70eb-9bf8-98360d4b8745","Narrative tenses","narrative-tenses",77,{"id":550,"title":551,"slug":552,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":553},"019b98bb-42d1-7d70-8952-3f7934673d2c","Would - Expressing habits in the past","would-expressing-habits-in-the-past",78,{"id":555,"title":556,"slug":557,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":558},"019b98bd-abbe-77ac-84ec-e3ed78abff75","Future Continuous (B2)","future-continuous-b2",79,{"id":560,"title":561,"slug":562,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":563},"019b996c-756a-7595-8991-7fbfd497bca0","Future Perfect","future-perfect",80,{"id":565,"title":566,"slug":567,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":568},"019b9973-ccc0-7aea-94b3-d59ca2b27d38","Future Perfect Continuous","future-perfect-continuous",81,{"id":570,"title":571,"slug":572,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":573},"019dfde9-8a73-7247-ac3c-834f3e800f0a","Future in the Past","future-in-the-past",81.5,{"id":575,"title":576,"slug":577,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":578},"019b997c-1273-7267-bc94-e10133989373","Adjectives and Adverbs","adjectives-and-adverbs",82,{"id":580,"title":581,"slug":582,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":583},"019dfd9b-c2c7-7f83-b2ce-1554f06f427c","Discourse Markers","discourse-markers",82.5,{"id":585,"title":586,"slug":587,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":588},"019ba3df-b04f-7684-9f23-1939e873ec29","Defining & non-defining relative clauses","defining-non-defining-relative-clauses",83,{"id":590,"title":591,"slug":592,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":593},"019ba3fc-5f03-7360-a405-79bca6f524d2","Passive voice","passive-voice",84,{"id":595,"title":596,"slug":597,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":598},"019ba7c7-5eb8-76f4-a04c-ce82fa1b4568","Passive Voice: Additional Uses and Nuances","passive-voice-additional-uses-and-nuances",85,{"id":600,"title":601,"slug":602,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":603},"019dfdfa-7403-7489-8772-2ee826b8e57b","There vs It","there-vs-it",85.5,{"id":605,"title":606,"slug":607,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":608},"019ba7d2-7094-7519-b0f1-7b9c0b8d1a84","Deduction & Speculation (Modals)","deduction-speculation-modals",86,{"id":610,"title":611,"slug":612,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":613},"019ba7e3-8713-7c45-a547-be8a80ad5763","Modals (can’t have & needn’t have)","modals-cant-have-neednt-have",87,{"id":615,"title":616,"slug":617,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":618},"019ba7f0-c7aa-7cb5-820b-7cf90b088c6d","Wish (Expressing Regret, Desire, and Imagined Situations)","wish-expressing-regret-desire-and-imagined-situations",88,{"id":620,"title":621,"slug":622,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":623},"019ba801-1386-70f7-b6f1-0000e045cc8b","Mixed Conditionals","mixed-conditionals",89,{"id":625,"title":626,"slug":627,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":628},"019ba80b-0997-7e31-aec6-b14a79efe69e","Reported Speech","reported-speech",90,{"id":630,"title":631,"slug":632,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":633},"019dfdf1-5b30-731a-b71e-63d79f5a409b","Verb Patterns","verb-patterns",90.5,{"id":635,"title":636,"slug":637,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":638},"01a0e1ab-d608-72f0-ae7b-02084e6afb58","Subject-Verb Agreement with Complex Subjects","subject-verb-agreement-with-complex-subjects",90.51,{"id":640,"title":641,"slug":642,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":643},"01a0e1ab-d5f1-7df8-9e70-f2c2ebdb7f87","Participle Clauses for Time, Reason and Result","participle-clauses-for-time-reason-and-result",90.52,{"id":645,"title":646,"slug":647,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":648},"01a0e1ab-d5b1-734c-b34d-419db9e26b1d","Emphatic Do, Does and Did","emphatic-do-does-and-did",90.53,{"id":650,"title":651,"slug":652,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":653},"01a0e1ab-d633-7103-8c29-0ff220ac6d29","Would Rather, Would Prefer and Prefer","would-rather-would-prefer-and-prefer",90.54,{"id":655,"title":656,"slug":657,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":658},"01a0e1ab-d614-7ce6-bb2b-df1c89246cd8","That-Clauses and Whether-Clauses as Complements","that-clauses-and-whether-clauses-as-complements",90.55,{"id":660,"title":661,"slug":662,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":664},"019ba879-7d5a-7e14-8941-8c79d67c94ed","Narrative tenses for experience, incl. passive","narrative-tenses-for-experience-incl-passive","C1",91,{"id":666,"title":667,"slug":668,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":669},"019ba883-e2dd-7cf2-becf-a1b53f06feaa","Future Tenses (Revision)","future-tenses-revision",92,{"id":671,"title":672,"slug":673,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":674},"019ba891-4e3d-7714-b92c-7cab6023957a","Mixed Conditionals (Past, present & future)","mixed-conditionals-past-present-future",93,{"id":676,"title":677,"slug":678,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":679},"019ba897-8cbb-7842-ad6e-c6e11ffa1701","Wish \u002F If only (Regrets)","wish-if-only-regrets",94,{"id":681,"title":682,"slug":683,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":684},"019ba8a9-71c4-7787-96a0-6a02f8a55e49","Passive Forms","passive-forms",95,{"id":686,"title":687,"slug":688,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":689},"019ba8b8-bc3e-7662-8e7a-4c432325ad08","Modals in the past","modals-in-the-past",96,{"id":691,"title":692,"slug":693,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":694},"019dfe19-a32b-7ab1-9be5-4aebce963308","Modal Verbs: Will, Would & Should","modal-verbs-will-would-should",96.5,{"id":696,"title":697,"slug":698,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":699},"019dfe2a-3524-779c-9c22-273be8bd4134","Modal Verbs: Can, Could, May & Might","modal-verbs-can-could-may-might",96.75,{"id":701,"title":702,"slug":703,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":704},"019ba8c3-4434-78e7-a2af-f992da01a459","Inversion with negative adverbials","inversion-with-negative-adverbials",97,{"id":706,"title":707,"slug":708,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":709},"01a0e1ab-d5aa-756b-b06b-76ca59800cb2","Ellipsis with Auxiliaries and Infinitives","ellipsis-with-auxiliaries-and-infinitives",97.01,{"id":711,"title":712,"slug":713,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":714},"01a0e1ab-d60e-7755-901b-763344a63a75","Substitution with Do So, So and Not","substitution-with-do-so-so-and-not",97.02,{"id":716,"title":717,"slug":718,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":719},"01a0e1ab-d57e-70e9-98fe-8107fd9c38c1","Complex Noun Phrases: Modification and Complementation","complex-noun-phrases-modification-and-complementation",97.03,{"id":721,"title":722,"slug":723,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":724},"01a0e1ab-d5e5-73b5-b5bc-53d16d704466","Nominalisation and Noun-Based Style","nominalisation-and-noun-based-style",97.04,{"id":726,"title":727,"slug":728,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":729},"01a0e1ab-d61b-7161-8c0a-c5eded00cf86","The Subjunctive in Demands and Recommendations","the-subjunctive-in-demands-and-recommendations",97.05,{"id":731,"title":732,"slug":733,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":734},"01a0e1ab-d56c-78aa-b897-1469dd6a3315","Cleft Sentences: It-Clefts, Wh-Clefts and All-Clefts","cleft-sentences-it-clefts-wh-clefts-and-all-clefts",97.06,{"id":736,"title":737,"slug":738,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":739},"01a0e1ab-d594-7dd6-9ff4-94959247d273","Concession with Whatever, No Matter and As","concession-with-whatever-no-matter-and-as",97.07,{"id":741,"title":742,"slug":743,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":745},"01a0e1ab-d542-7721-9c84-6e47716ee54b","Absolute and Verbless Supplementary Clauses","absolute-and-verbless-supplementary-clauses","C2",98,{"id":747,"title":748,"slug":749,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":750},"01a0e1ab-d5bf-7022-8177-a107314b83fb","Free Relative Clauses: Reference and Ambiguity","free-relative-clauses-reference-and-ambiguity",99,{"id":752,"title":753,"slug":754,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":755},"01a0e1ab-d5c5-7677-85af-023326574682","Gapping and Shared Elements in Coordination","gapping-and-shared-elements-in-coordination",100,{"id":757,"title":758,"slug":759,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":760},"01a0e1ab-d59c-7289-a960-fc9da7101a43","Dislocation and Resumptive Pronouns in Spoken Discourse","dislocation-and-resumptive-pronouns-in-spoken-discourse",101,{"id":762,"title":763,"slug":764,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":765},"01a0e1ab-d5de-7245-aaf8-c59b501eafc4","Negation, Quantifier Scope and Ambiguity","negation-quantifier-scope-and-ambiguity",102,{"id":640,"title":641,"slug":642,"seoDescription":767,"content":768,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":643,"grammarTopics":769,"createdAt":775,"updatedAt":776,"vocabularyLists":777,"readyImages":778},"Use participle clauses to express time, reason and result in English, choose active and passive forms, and avoid unclear subjects in formal writing.","Participle clauses connect an action or situation to its time, reason or result without using a full clause with a subject and tense. You will learn to choose active and passive forms, show the order of events, and keep the subject clear. These structures are especially useful in written narratives, reports and articles.\n\n## 1. Meaning and basic structure\n\nCompare these sentences:\n\n:::example\n**Full clause:** Because she knew the area well, Maya found a shortcut.\n\n**Participle clause:** **Knowing the area well**, Maya found a shortcut.\n:::\n\nThe participle clause gives the reason for Maya’s action. It has no stated subject: we understand that **Maya** knew the area.\n\nParticiple clauses do not show tense themselves. The main clause and the context establish the time:\n\n- **Feeling tired**, I went home early yesterday.\n- **Feeling tired**, I usually make mistakes.\n\nThey are often more compact and more formal than clauses with **because**, **when** or **while**. Full clauses are often clearer in everyday conversation.\n\n## 2. Choosing the form\n\n| Form | Main function | Example |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| **-ing** | Active meaning; often simultaneous action or a reason | **Carrying two bags**, Leo struggled to open the door. |\n| **past participle** | Usually passive meaning in these clauses | **Delayed by traffic**, we missed the start. |\n| **having + past participle** | Active action completed before the main action | **Having checked the address**, Nina booked a taxi. |\n| **having been + past participle** | Passive event completed before the main action | **Having been warned about the ice**, we drove slowly. |\n\nUse the correct past participle, including irregular forms: **written**, **seen**, **taken**.\n\nFor a negative participle clause, normally put **not** before the participle structure:\n\n:::example\n**Not knowing the answer**, I asked for help.\n\n**Not having received a reply**, we sent another email.\n:::\n\n:::note\nThe names *present participle* and *past participle* do not mean present time and past time. For example, **Delayed by traffic, we will probably arrive late** refers to the future.\n:::\n\n## 3. Expressing time\n\nAn **-ing clause** can describe an action happening at the same time as the main action. **While** makes this relationship explicit.\n\n:::example\n**Walking home**, I chatted to a neighbour.\n\n**While waiting for the bus**, Amira read the news.\n:::\n\nUse **having + past participle** to emphasise that one action was completed before another:\n\n**Having finished the report**, Ben switched off his computer.\n\nThis means: **After he had finished the report**, Ben switched off his computer.\n\nHowever, the perfect form is not necessary for every earlier action. An ordinary **-ing clause** can introduce an immediately preceding action when the sequence is clear:\n\n**Opening the envelope**, she took out the letter.\n\nYou can also make the sequence explicit with **after + -ing** or **before + -ing**:\n\n- **After checking the figures**, we submitted the report.\n- **Before leaving the office**, I locked the windows.\n\nFor passive time relationships, **when + past participle** is useful:\n\n**When asked about the delay**, the manager apologised.\n\n## 4. Expressing reason\n\nA participle clause can explain **why** something happens. The reason is understood from the meaning and context rather than introduced by **because**.\n\n:::example\n**Feeling unwell**, Rosa stayed at home.\n\n= Because she felt unwell, Rosa stayed at home.\n\n**Damaged by the storm**, the bridge was closed for repairs.\n\n= Because it had been damaged by the storm, the bridge was closed for repairs.\n\n**Having lost his keys**, Tom could not get into his flat.\n\n= Because he had lost his keys, Tom could not get into his flat.\n:::\n\nTime and reason can overlap. **Having lost his keys** describes an earlier event and explains Tom’s problem.\n\n:::tip\nIf readers might not understand whether you mean time or reason, use a full clause with **after**, **when** or **because**. A shorter sentence is not always a clearer sentence.\n:::\n\n## 5. Expressing result\n\nA result participle clause normally comes **after the main clause**, separated by a comma. It uses an **-ing form** to show a consequence.\n\n:::example\nThe river flooded, **forcing residents to leave their homes**.\n\n= The river flooded, and as a result residents had to leave their homes.\n\nThe company opened a new factory, **creating 200 jobs**.\n\n= The company opened a new factory, and this created 200 jobs.\n:::\n\nHere, the participle clause can describe the result of the **whole preceding event**. It does not need to describe a separate action performed by the main-clause subject. In the first example, the flooding forced residents to leave.\n\n**Result is not purpose:**\n\n- The company opened a factory, **creating 200 jobs**. → This was the result.\n- The company opened a factory **to create jobs**. → This was the aim; the sentence does not confirm the result.\n\n## 6. Keeping the subject and meaning clear\n\nFor the time and reason clauses taught here, the understood subject normally matches the **subject of the main clause**.\n\n:::warning\nIncorrect for the intended meaning: **Walking to work, the rain soaked me.**\n\nThis wrongly links **walking** to **the rain**.\n\nCorrect: **Walking to work, I got soaked by the rain.**\n\nAlso correct: **While I was walking to work, the rain soaked me.**\n:::\n\nUse a comma after an introductory participle clause. For a final clause expressing a result, put the comma before it.\n\nBefore using a participle clause, check:\n\n1. **Meaning:** Does it express time, reason or result clearly?\n2. **Form:** Is the meaning active or passive? Do you need to emphasise an earlier completed event?\n3. **Subject:** For time and reason, does the understood subject match the main-clause subject? For result, is the connection to the preceding event clear?\n4. **Clarity:** Would a full clause make the relationship easier to understand?",[770],{"id":771,"name":772,"level":537,"language":9,"isCompleted":773,"completionPercentage":774,"totalExercises":16,"completedExercises":774},"01a0e1ab-d4f2-72de-b3b9-0abfe454056a","Non-finite adverbial clauses",false,0,"2026-09-27T07:02:10+00:00","2026-10-14T10:40:29+00:00",[],[],null,[781,790],{"@id":782,"@type":783,"id":784,"grammarPage":785,"title":786,"instructions":787,"displayOrder":774,"type":788,"questionCount":91,"blankCount":96,"isCompleted":773,"ogImageUrl":789},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a0e1ab-dc94-7cf8-aa0b-d5ffb3a15580","GrammarExercise","01a0e1ab-dc94-7cf8-aa0b-d5ffb3a15580","\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_pages\u002F01a0e1ab-d5f1-7df8-9e70-f2c2ebdb7f87","Participle Clauses for Time, Reason and Result — Forms in Context","Choose the option that completes each sentence in context.","word_select","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_0ee9cf53-c9fe-4374-8a71-f7bf1f3cfe14_hero.webp?v=1790492531",{"@id":791,"@type":783,"id":792,"grammarPage":785,"title":793,"instructions":794,"displayOrder":11,"type":795,"questionCount":76,"blankCount":76,"isCompleted":773,"ogImageUrl":796},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a0e1ab-dcba-77b7-9277-fcaff158b759","01a0e1ab-dcba-77b7-9277-fcaff158b759","Participle Clauses for Time, Reason and Result — Build the Sentences","Arrange the word tiles to build each sentence. Leave out the extra word.","sentence_builder","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_f6616aca-293f-4698-9654-cb76ee91a6ee_hero.webp?v=1790492531",{"id":784,"grammarPage":785,"title":786,"instructions":787,"seoTitle":798,"seoDescription":799,"displayOrder":774,"type":788,"questions":800,"ogImageUrl":789},"Participle Clauses: Forms and Meaning Practice","Practise participle clauses through gap-fill sentences about journeys, work and local events, choosing forms for time, reason and resulting effects.",[801],{"id":802,"sentenceTemplate":803,"displayOrder":774,"explanation":804,"exampleSentence":805,"blanks":806},"01a0e1ab-dc95-70c0-ae30-e8ba9a8cdbaf","While __1__ the evening meal, Daniel listened to a radio interview.","While makes the simultaneous relationship explicit. Daniel actively prepares the meal, so the reduced clause needs preparing, not the passive prepared or the base form prepare.","While looking for her ticket, Sara dropped her phone.",[807],{"id":808,"blankNumber":11,"options":809},"01a0e1ab-dc95-7034-ae30-e8ba99979548",[810,813,817],{"id":811,"optionText":812,"isCorrect":773,"displayOrder":774},"01a0e1ab-dc94-7ef8-aa0b-d5ffb3b5811b","prepared",{"id":814,"optionText":815,"isCorrect":816,"displayOrder":11},"01a0e1ab-dc94-7f58-aa0b-d5ffb41f3f9d","preparing",true,{"id":818,"optionText":819,"isCorrect":773,"displayOrder":16},"01a0e1ab-dc94-7f98-aa0b-d5ffb513e4a5","prepare",{"html":821,"toc":822},"\u003Cp>Participle clauses connect an action or situation to its time, reason or result without using a full clause with a subject and tense. You will learn to choose active and passive forms, show the order of events, and keep the subject clear. These structures are especially useful in written narratives, reports and articles.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"meaning-and-basic-structure\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">1.\u003C\u002Fspan>Meaning and basic structure\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>Compare these sentences:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Full clause:\u003C\u002Fstrong> Because she knew the area well, Maya found a shortcut.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Participle clause:\u003C\u002Fstrong> \u003Cstrong>Knowing the area well\u003C\u002Fstrong>, Maya found a shortcut.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>The participle clause gives the reason for Maya’s action. It has no stated subject: we understand that \u003Cstrong>Maya\u003C\u002Fstrong> knew the area.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Participle clauses do not show tense themselves. The main clause and the context establish the time:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Feeling tired\u003C\u002Fstrong>, I went home early yesterday.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Feeling tired\u003C\u002Fstrong>, I usually make mistakes.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>They are often more compact and more formal than clauses with \u003Cstrong>because\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>when\u003C\u002Fstrong> or \u003Cstrong>while\u003C\u002Fstrong>. Full clauses are often clearer in everyday conversation.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"choosing-the-form\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">2.\u003C\u002Fspan>Choosing the form\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>Form\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>Main function\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>Example\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>-ing\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Active meaning; often simultaneous action or a reason\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>Carrying two bags\u003C\u002Fstrong>, Leo struggled to open the door.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>past participle\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Usually passive meaning in these clauses\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>Delayed by traffic\u003C\u002Fstrong>, we missed the start.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>having + past participle\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Active action completed before the main action\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>Having checked the address\u003C\u002Fstrong>, Nina booked a taxi.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>having been + past participle\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Passive event completed before the main action\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>Having been warned about the ice\u003C\u002Fstrong>, we drove slowly.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>Use the correct past participle, including irregular forms: \u003Cstrong>written\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>seen\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>taken\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>For a negative participle clause, normally put \u003Cstrong>not\u003C\u002Fstrong> before the participle structure:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Not knowing the answer\u003C\u002Fstrong>, I asked for help.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Not having received a reply\u003C\u002Fstrong>, we sent another email.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--note\">\u003Cp>The names \u003Cem>present participle\u003C\u002Fem> and \u003Cem>past participle\u003C\u002Fem> do not mean present time and past time. For example, \u003Cstrong>Delayed by traffic, we will probably arrive late\u003C\u002Fstrong> refers to the future.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"expressing-time\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">3.\u003C\u002Fspan>Expressing time\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>An \u003Cstrong>-ing clause\u003C\u002Fstrong> can describe an action happening at the same time as the main action. \u003Cstrong>While\u003C\u002Fstrong> makes this relationship explicit.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Walking home\u003C\u002Fstrong>, I chatted to a neighbour.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>While waiting for the bus\u003C\u002Fstrong>, Amira read the news.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>Use \u003Cstrong>having + past participle\u003C\u002Fstrong> to emphasise that one action was completed before another:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Having finished the report\u003C\u002Fstrong>, Ben switched off his computer.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>This means: \u003Cstrong>After he had finished the report\u003C\u002Fstrong>, Ben switched off his computer.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>However, the perfect form is not necessary for every earlier action. An ordinary \u003Cstrong>-ing clause\u003C\u002Fstrong> can introduce an immediately preceding action when the sequence is clear:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Opening the envelope\u003C\u002Fstrong>, she took out the letter.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>You can also make the sequence explicit with \u003Cstrong>after + -ing\u003C\u002Fstrong> or \u003Cstrong>before + -ing\u003C\u002Fstrong>:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>After checking the figures\u003C\u002Fstrong>, we submitted the report.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Before leaving the office\u003C\u002Fstrong>, I locked the windows.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>For passive time relationships, \u003Cstrong>when + past participle\u003C\u002Fstrong> is useful:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>When asked about the delay\u003C\u002Fstrong>, the manager apologised.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"expressing-reason\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">4.\u003C\u002Fspan>Expressing reason\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>A participle clause can explain \u003Cstrong>why\u003C\u002Fstrong> something happens. The reason is understood from the meaning and context rather than introduced by \u003Cstrong>because\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Feeling unwell\u003C\u002Fstrong>, Rosa stayed at home.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>= Because she felt unwell, Rosa stayed at home.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Damaged by the storm\u003C\u002Fstrong>, the bridge was closed for repairs.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>= Because it had been damaged by the storm, the bridge was closed for repairs.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Having lost his keys\u003C\u002Fstrong>, Tom could not get into his flat.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>= Because he had lost his keys, Tom could not get into his flat.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>Time and reason can overlap. \u003Cstrong>Having lost his keys\u003C\u002Fstrong> describes an earlier event and explains Tom’s problem.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--tip\">\u003Cp>If readers might not understand whether you mean time or reason, use a full clause with \u003Cstrong>after\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>when\u003C\u002Fstrong> or \u003Cstrong>because\u003C\u002Fstrong>. A shorter sentence is not always a clearer sentence.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"expressing-result\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">5.\u003C\u002Fspan>Expressing result\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>A result participle clause normally comes \u003Cstrong>after the main clause\u003C\u002Fstrong>, separated by a comma. It uses an \u003Cstrong>-ing form\u003C\u002Fstrong> to show a consequence.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>The river flooded, \u003Cstrong>forcing residents to leave their homes\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>= The river flooded, and as a result residents had to leave their homes.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>The company opened a new factory, \u003Cstrong>creating 200 jobs\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>= The company opened a new factory, and this created 200 jobs.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>Here, the participle clause can describe the result of the \u003Cstrong>whole preceding event\u003C\u002Fstrong>. It does not need to describe a separate action performed by the main-clause subject. In the first example, the flooding forced residents to leave.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Result is not purpose:\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>The company opened a factory, \u003Cstrong>creating 200 jobs\u003C\u002Fstrong>. → This was the result.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>The company opened a factory \u003Cstrong>to create jobs\u003C\u002Fstrong>. → This was the aim; the sentence does not confirm the result.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"keeping-the-subject-and-meaning-clear\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">6.\u003C\u002Fspan>Keeping the subject and meaning clear\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>For the time and reason clauses taught here, the understood subject normally matches the \u003Cstrong>subject of the main clause\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--warning\">\u003Cp>Incorrect for the intended meaning: \u003Cstrong>Walking to work, the rain soaked me.\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>This wrongly links \u003Cstrong>walking\u003C\u002Fstrong> to \u003Cstrong>the rain\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Correct: \u003Cstrong>Walking to work, I got soaked by the rain.\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Also correct: \u003Cstrong>While I was walking to work, the rain soaked me.\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>Use a comma after an introductory participle clause. For a final clause expressing a result, put the comma before it.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Before using a participle clause, check:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Col>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Meaning:\u003C\u002Fstrong> Does it express time, reason or result clearly?\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Form:\u003C\u002Fstrong> Is the meaning active or passive? Do you need to emphasise an earlier completed event?\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Subject:\u003C\u002Fstrong> For time and reason, does the understood subject match the main-clause subject? For result, is the connection to the preceding event clear?\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Clarity:\u003C\u002Fstrong> Would a full clause make the relationship easier to understand?\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Fol>\n",[823,827,831,835,839,843],{"id":824,"text":825,"depth":16,"number":826},"meaning-and-basic-structure","Meaning and basic structure","1",{"id":828,"text":829,"depth":16,"number":830},"choosing-the-form","Choosing the form","2",{"id":832,"text":833,"depth":16,"number":834},"expressing-time","Expressing time","3",{"id":836,"text":837,"depth":16,"number":838},"expressing-reason","Expressing reason","4",{"id":840,"text":841,"depth":16,"number":842},"expressing-result","Expressing result","5",{"id":844,"text":845,"depth":16,"number":846},"keeping-the-subject-and-meaning-clear","Keeping the subject and meaning clear","6"]