[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"grammar-page-en-past-perfect":3,"grammar-exercises-by-page-019b7f66-b1e0-7f7e-8efb-a9853febaf95":354},{"id":4,"title":5,"slug":6,"content":7,"language":8,"level":9,"displayOrder":10,"grammarTopics":11,"createdAt":348,"updatedAt":349,"generatorCategories":350,"readyImages":352,"ogImageUrl":353},"019b7f66-b1e0-7f7e-8efb-a9853febaf95","Past Perfect","past-perfect","You already know the **past simple** and **past continuous**. In this lesson, you'll learn how to talk about actions that happened **before other events in the past**. The past perfect shows the listener the **order of events** clearly, so your stories and explanations are easier to understand.\n\n## 1\\. What the Past Perfect Shows\n\nPast perfect is used to talk about an action that **happened first**, before another action in the past.\n\nThink of it like this:\n\n1. **Past Perfect → first action**\n2. **Past Simple → second action \u002F main event**\n\nExample:\n“I **had finished** my homework before my friends **arrived**.”\n\nYou can also say: ‘I finished my homework before my friends arrived.’ (Past perfect is used when you want to strongly highlight the earlier completion or when the timeline might be confusing.)\n\n→ **“had finished”** shows the first action (past perfect), while **“arrived”** shows the second action (past simple).\n\nThe past perfect makes it clear **which thing happened first**, even if the sentence doesn’t have a time word. If the order is already clear (e.g., with ‘after’ or a specific time), past simple is often enough, and past perfect is optional.\n\n\\*\\*Quick contrast\\*\\*\n\n* Ambiguous: “When I arrived, she left.” (Which happened first?)\n* Clear: “When I arrived, she had left.” (She left before I arrived.)\n\n## 2\\. Structure\n\nThe structure is simple:\n**Subject + had + past participle**\n\n* **Affirmative**: Subject + had (’d) + past participle (\"I’d finished...\")\n* **Negative**: had not \u002F hadn’t\n* **Question**: Had + subject + past participle?\n\n**Examples:**\n\n* “She had left the office before the meeting started.”\n* “They had never visited Paris before last summer.”\n\nIrregular past participles (common ones):\n\n* go → gone\n* see → seen\n* do → done\n* write → written\n* take → taken\n\nSometimes you may see **“had had”** (past perfect of **have**): “She had had breakfast before she left.”\n\nNotice:\n\n* The past perfect is usually used with another past time\u002Fevent (stated or understood) to show which action happened earlier.\n\n## 3\\. Uses\n\nPast perfect helps you:\n\n### A) Earlier past action (sequence)\n\n* **Show the order of past events clearly:**\n    “She had left before I arrived.”\n\n### B) Reason\u002Fbackground for a past situation\n\n* **Explain a past result:**\n    “He was tired because he had worked all night.”\n\n### C) Experience up to a past point\n\n* **Talk about experiences up to a past point:**\n    “I had never tried sushi before that day.”\n\n## 4\\. Common time expressions\n\nCommon words that often appear with past perfect:\n\n* before\n* by the time\n* already\n* after (often)\n\n**Examples**\n\n* “By the time we arrived, the concert had already started.”\n* “After she had finished her work, she went for a walk.”\n\n**Notice:**\n\n* The past perfect marks the earlier past action. It can come before or after the past simple clause: “The concert had already started when we arrived” \u002F “When we arrived, the concert had already started.”\n* The past perfect usually appears **before the past simple action** when you use **before \u002F by the time**, even if the sentence order changes. ‘By the time we arrived, the concert had started’ \u002F ‘The concert had started by the time we arrived.’\n* “Already” can be used with past simple too (more naturally: ‘When we arrived, the concert had already started’ or ‘When we arrived, the concert had already begun.’).\n* With ‘after’, past simple is often enough because the order is clear: ‘After she finished, she went for a walk.’ You can also use past perfect to make the earlier completion very clear, especially in stories or when the timing matters: ‘After she had finished her work, she went for a walk.’ (Both are correct.)\n\n## 5\\. Past perfect vs past simple\n\nPast perfect vs past simple: quick thinking\n\nAsk yourself:\n\n1. Did this action happen **before another past action**? → Use past perfect\n2. Did this action happen **at a specific time in the past, or is it the main event**? → Use past simple\n\nCompare:\n\n* “I had read the book before I saw the movie.”\n* “I read the book yesterday.”\n\n**First sentence:** sequence matters → past perfect for first action\n**Second sentence:** only one past action → past simple is enough\n\n## 6\\. Past perfect in stories\n\nWhen telling a story, past perfect often appears **once or twice** to explain what happened first. Most of the story is still told in **past simple**.\n\nExample:\n\n* “I had never visited London before 2020. When I finally went, I was amazed by the city.”\n\n“had never visited” = before 2020 (earlier experience).\n“went \u002F was amazed” = the main events in 2020.\n\nThis helps your listener understand **what happened first and what followed**.\n\n## 7\\. Negatives and questions\n\n**Negatives:**\n\n* Subject + had + not + past participle\n    * “I **had not finished** my homework before dinner.”\n    * “They **hadn’t seen** that film before yesterday.”\n\n**Questions:**\n\n* Had + subject + past participle?\n    * “**Had you visited** Rome before 2018?”\n    * “**Had she finished** her work when you called?”\n\n**Short answers:**\n\n* Yes → “Yes, I had.” \u002F “Yes, she had.”\n* No → “No, I hadn’t.” \u002F “No, they hadn’t.”\n\n## 8\\. Key takeaways\n\n* Past perfect shows an action **completed before another past action**.\n* Structure: **had + past participle**.\n* Use it to **clarify order**, **explain results**, or **describe experiences up to a point in the past**.\n* Most storytelling still uses **past simple**; past perfect appears **to indicate what came first**.\n* Time words like **before, by the time, already, after** often signal past perfect.\n\n**Think of it like a timeline:**\nFirst action → Past Perfect\nNext\u002Fmain action → Past Simple","en","B1",56,[12],{"id":13,"name":5,"level":9,"language":8,"isCompleted":14,"completionPercentage":15,"totalExercises":16,"completedExercises":15,"vocabularyLists":17},"019aef25-97f3-7764-8988-9783a5081f6f",false,0,2,[18],{"id":19,"title":20,"grammarTopic":21,"displayOrder":22,"vocabularyListWords":23,"isPublished":36},"019bccd4-d394-7149-af9e-c74ab06712a9","Past Participle Verbs","\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_topics\u002F019aef25-97f3-7764-8988-9783a5081f6f",39,[24,43,54,63,86,105,122,139,155,176,191,206,213,228,241,262,273,288,303,318,333],{"id":25,"vocabularyWord":26,"displayOrder":37},"019bccdb-c0a0-7141-b58b-82c13eb43fea",{"id":27,"word":28,"frequency":29,"level":9,"language":8,"partsOfSpeech":30,"audio":14},"019bccdb-c099-7821-9aad-57be71b7027b","shopped",8,[31,38],{"id":32,"partOfSpeech":33,"definition":34,"exampleSentences":35,"isPrimary":36,"meaningOrder":37},"019bccdb-d88f-7e2a-9de9-23054817d04e","VERB","To visit stores in order to buy goods.","I shopped for groceries at the local market.\nShe shopped online for new clothes.",true,1,{"id":39,"partOfSpeech":40,"definition":41,"exampleSentences":42,"isPrimary":14,"meaningOrder":37},"019bccdb-d88f-7eb6-9de9-230549059220","NOUN","A place where goods are sold.","I bought a book at the shop down the street.\nThe bakery shop has the best pastries in town.",{"id":44,"vocabularyWord":45,"displayOrder":16},"019bccdb-c0a1-7d24-9171-dc5a12c985e1",{"id":46,"word":47,"frequency":48,"level":9,"language":8,"partsOfSpeech":49,"audio":14},"019bccdb-c0a0-77d9-b58b-82c13f47711d","discussed",6,[50],{"id":51,"partOfSpeech":33,"definition":52,"exampleSentences":53,"isPrimary":36,"meaningOrder":37},"019bccdb-e59f-7a58-9434-622a9b397d22","To talk about something with someone in order to reach a decision or to exchange ideas.","We discussed the project during the meeting.\nThey discussed their plans for the weekend.",{"id":55,"vocabularyWord":56,"displayOrder":62},"019bdbe1-9d12-72b1-a551-9c729299f016",{"id":57,"word":58,"frequency":48,"level":9,"language":8,"audioFilePath":59,"partsOfSpeech":60,"audio":36,"audioUrl":61},"019b4697-7067-7b50-bdda-d06df50cd235","written","tts_af94f47ec8006b83_en-US.mp3",[],"\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_af94f47ec8006b83_en-US.mp3",3,{"id":64,"vocabularyWord":65,"displayOrder":85},"019bdbe1-9d12-7bdd-a551-9c729318c02c",{"id":66,"word":67,"frequency":48,"level":68,"language":8,"audioFilePath":69,"partsOfSpeech":70,"audio":36,"audioUrl":84},"019b4697-719e-707f-b281-fabfec8d5816","driven","B2","tts_5dee55725dfd4fb6_en-US.mp3",[71,76,80],{"id":72,"partOfSpeech":73,"definition":74,"exampleSentences":75,"isPrimary":36,"meaningOrder":37},"019b7eca-023c-761a-aa98-c8f955a92cb4","ADJECTIVE","Being motivated or determined to achieve something.","She is a driven individual who always strives for success.\nHis driven nature helped him complete the project ahead of schedule.",{"id":77,"partOfSpeech":73,"definition":78,"exampleSentences":79,"isPrimary":14,"meaningOrder":16},"019b7eca-023c-76b6-aa98-c8f95678bbd9","Moved or controlled by a specified force.","The driven snow made the landscape look beautiful.\nThe car was driven by a powerful engine.",{"id":81,"partOfSpeech":33,"definition":82,"exampleSentences":83,"isPrimary":14,"meaningOrder":37},"019b7eca-023c-76fa-aa98-c8f956c285a1","Past participle of 'drive', meaning to operate a vehicle.","He has driven for many years without an accident.\nThey had driven all night to reach their destination.","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_5dee55725dfd4fb6_en-US.mp3",4,{"id":87,"vocabularyWord":88,"displayOrder":104},"019bdbe1-9d1c-7db0-a6a6-d7be5aa7fafc",{"id":89,"word":90,"frequency":29,"level":9,"language":8,"partsOfSpeech":91,"audio":14},"019bdbe1-9d13-724a-99c9-e6b591ef8303","flown",[92,96,100],{"id":93,"partOfSpeech":33,"definition":94,"exampleSentences":95,"isPrimary":36,"meaningOrder":37},"019bdbe1-bd73-77da-9c1b-fbc20139fc9a","To move through the air using wings.","Birds can fly high in the sky.\nThe airplane will fly over the mountains.",{"id":97,"partOfSpeech":33,"definition":98,"exampleSentences":99,"isPrimary":14,"meaningOrder":16},"019bdbe1-bd73-7872-9c1b-fbc201633830","To travel by aircraft.","I will fly to New York tomorrow.\nThey decided to fly instead of driving.",{"id":101,"partOfSpeech":40,"definition":102,"exampleSentences":103,"isPrimary":14,"meaningOrder":37},"019bdbe1-bd73-78b6-9c1b-fbc201ef85d4","An insect with wings that can fly.","A fly landed on my food.\nThere are many flies buzzing around the picnic.",5,{"id":106,"vocabularyWord":107,"displayOrder":48},"019bdbe1-9d1d-7714-8c13-f76f3dc60276",{"id":108,"word":109,"frequency":48,"level":110,"language":8,"audioFilePath":111,"partsOfSpeech":112,"audio":36,"audioUrl":121},"019b4697-71e2-74e4-8470-35ed2086f913","grown","A2","tts_af06bacbfec5506b_en-US.mp3",[113,117],{"id":114,"partOfSpeech":73,"definition":115,"exampleSentences":116,"isPrimary":36,"meaningOrder":37},"019b7f00-2fe8-7c67-9fcb-98d3324d2e55","Having reached full size or maturity.","The grown children moved out of the house.\nShe is now a grown woman with a job.",{"id":118,"partOfSpeech":33,"definition":119,"exampleSentences":120,"isPrimary":14,"meaningOrder":37},"019b7f00-2fe8-7d3f-9fcb-98d3326f91ff","Past participle of 'grow', meaning to have increased in size or maturity.","The plants have grown tall this summer.\nHe has grown more confident over the years.","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_af06bacbfec5506b_en-US.mp3",{"id":123,"vocabularyWord":124,"displayOrder":138},"019bdbe1-9d1d-7cfc-8c13-f76f3e78b01d",{"id":125,"word":126,"frequency":48,"level":9,"language":8,"audioFilePath":127,"partsOfSpeech":128,"audio":36,"audioUrl":137},"019b4697-713c-712d-9c4a-ad04a7ee5686","hidden","tts_bcf630e26acd5e25_en-US.mp3",[129,133],{"id":130,"partOfSpeech":73,"definition":131,"exampleSentences":132,"isPrimary":36,"meaningOrder":37},"019b7f09-6b95-7160-9bac-2b881558f80e","Not visible or easily noticed; concealed or secret.","The treasure was hidden under the old oak tree.\nShe had a hidden talent for painting that no one knew about.",{"id":134,"partOfSpeech":73,"definition":135,"exampleSentences":136,"isPrimary":14,"meaningOrder":16},"019b7f09-6b95-71f4-9bac-2b8815b88eb6","Not expressed or revealed; not made public.","He had hidden feelings for her that he never shared.\nThe report contained hidden information that was crucial to the case.","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_bcf630e26acd5e25_en-US.mp3",7,{"id":140,"vocabularyWord":141,"displayOrder":29},"019bdbe1-9d1e-72f8-bac4-e80a33ffe37f",{"id":142,"word":143,"frequency":48,"level":9,"language":8,"audioFilePath":144,"partsOfSpeech":145,"audio":36,"audioUrl":154},"019b4697-716a-7c37-800c-28d6d213c6fa","chosen","tts_68c7a779d6bf8e6e_en-US.mp3",[146,150],{"id":147,"partOfSpeech":73,"definition":148,"exampleSentences":149,"isPrimary":36,"meaningOrder":37},"019b7c85-7c7a-7545-afbf-02fb05b7f737","Selected or picked out from a group","She was the chosen candidate for the job.\nThe chosen book for the club was very interesting.",{"id":151,"partOfSpeech":33,"definition":152,"exampleSentences":153,"isPrimary":14,"meaningOrder":37},"019b7c85-7c7a-75f1-afbf-02fb0691badb","The past participle of 'choose', meaning to select from a number of options","He has chosen to study abroad next year.\nThey had already chosen a restaurant for dinner.","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_68c7a779d6bf8e6e_en-US.mp3",{"id":156,"vocabularyWord":157,"displayOrder":175},"019bdbe1-9d1e-7850-bac4-e80a349d164d",{"id":158,"word":159,"frequency":29,"level":110,"language":8,"audioFilePath":160,"partsOfSpeech":161,"audio":36,"audioUrl":174},"019b4697-7116-79ad-a08f-4aa2903118bf","broken","tts_e1ac39233f368278_en-US.mp3",[162,166,170],{"id":163,"partOfSpeech":73,"definition":164,"exampleSentences":165,"isPrimary":36,"meaningOrder":37},"019b7c6b-3fc8-7889-bb69-44f2dda39f3c","Damaged and no longer able to function properly.","The chair is broken and cannot be used.\nShe felt broken after hearing the bad news.",{"id":167,"partOfSpeech":73,"definition":168,"exampleSentences":169,"isPrimary":14,"meaningOrder":16},"019b7c6b-3fc8-792d-bb69-44f2de3ab156","Not kept or followed, especially in terms of promises or rules.","He has a broken promise to pay me back.\nThe broken rules led to chaos in the game.",{"id":171,"partOfSpeech":33,"definition":172,"exampleSentences":173,"isPrimary":14,"meaningOrder":37},"019b7c6b-3fc8-7979-bb69-44f2decf308b","Past participle of break, meaning to cause to separate into pieces.","The vase was broken by the cat.\nThe window has been broken during the storm.","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_e1ac39233f368278_en-US.mp3",9,{"id":177,"vocabularyWord":178,"displayOrder":190},"019bdbe1-9d1e-7dec-bac4-e80a3589ed23",{"id":179,"word":180,"frequency":29,"level":110,"language":8,"partsOfSpeech":181,"audio":14},"019b4697-724f-7b5f-a61f-6a9a3b40f840","spoken",[182,186],{"id":183,"partOfSpeech":73,"definition":184,"exampleSentences":185,"isPrimary":36,"meaningOrder":37},"019b9408-527e-7ce3-95b4-d4fba07be36e","Related to verbal communication or language.","He is a spoken word artist who performs poetry.\nThe spoken language is different from the written language.",{"id":187,"partOfSpeech":33,"definition":188,"exampleSentences":189,"isPrimary":14,"meaningOrder":37},"019b9408-527e-7d83-95b4-d4fba1319135","To use words to communicate verbally.","I will speak to her about the project.\nCan you speak English?",10,{"id":192,"vocabularyWord":193,"displayOrder":205},"019bdbe1-9d1f-7400-9a39-8a7a1ccf342b",{"id":194,"word":195,"frequency":48,"level":110,"language":8,"partsOfSpeech":196,"audio":14},"019bcc94-74d4-76de-b3d6-2276b1f616a9","worn",[197,201],{"id":198,"partOfSpeech":73,"definition":199,"exampleSentences":200,"isPrimary":36,"meaningOrder":37},"019bcc94-dbd2-733d-8192-0aeb09c8d784","Damaged or used through wear; not new.","He wore a worn jacket that had many holes.\nThe book looked worn after being read so many times.",{"id":202,"partOfSpeech":33,"definition":203,"exampleSentences":204,"isPrimary":14,"meaningOrder":37},"019bcc94-dbd2-73d1-8192-0aeb0a894278","Past participle of 'wear'; to have on one's body as clothing.","She has worn that dress to several parties.\nI have worn my shoes for years and they are still comfortable.",11,{"id":207,"vocabularyWord":208,"displayOrder":212},"019bdbe1-9d1f-79ec-9a39-8a7a1dca9852",{"id":209,"word":210,"frequency":48,"level":110,"language":8,"partsOfSpeech":211,"audio":14},"019b4697-734a-7e24-b56c-5f93f0cb69d7","thrown",[],12,{"id":214,"vocabularyWord":215,"displayOrder":227},"019bdbe1-9d1f-7f7c-9a39-8a7a1e02172c",{"id":216,"word":217,"frequency":29,"level":9,"language":8,"partsOfSpeech":218,"audio":14},"019bdbda-a4d6-7b07-bc91-bfde220d5990","understood",[219,223],{"id":220,"partOfSpeech":33,"definition":221,"exampleSentences":222,"isPrimary":36,"meaningOrder":37},"019bdbdb-6c60-7661-9123-952ad2d36569","To grasp the meaning or significance of something.","I understand the rules of the game now.\nShe didn't understand the question.",{"id":224,"partOfSpeech":33,"definition":225,"exampleSentences":226,"isPrimary":14,"meaningOrder":16},"019bdbdb-6c60-76ed-9123-952ad3809742","To perceive and interpret something in a particular way.","He understands her feelings very well.\nDo you understand the situation differently now?",13,{"id":229,"vocabularyWord":230,"displayOrder":240},"019bdbe1-9d20-7546-bddd-390ae96eb771",{"id":231,"word":232,"frequency":48,"level":110,"language":8,"audioFilePath":233,"partsOfSpeech":234,"audio":36,"audioUrl":239},"019b4697-72a3-7153-a6fa-9d24010b8432","begun","tts_cfb11d9264457962_en-US.mp3",[235],{"id":236,"partOfSpeech":33,"definition":237,"exampleSentences":238,"isPrimary":36,"meaningOrder":37},"019b7c51-67d8-7098-8436-7e3b654ff91d","The past participle of the verb 'begin', used to indicate that something has started.","The meeting has begun, so please take your seats.\nShe has begun learning Spanish this year.","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_cfb11d9264457962_en-US.mp3",14,{"id":242,"vocabularyWord":243,"displayOrder":261},"019bdbe1-9d20-7a7e-bddd-390ae9870c9b",{"id":244,"word":245,"frequency":48,"level":9,"language":8,"audioFilePath":246,"partsOfSpeech":247,"audio":36,"audioUrl":260},"019b4697-72d2-764f-b667-f567784c6402","fallen","tts_bbb3602df4a10a6a_en-US.mp3",[248,252,256],{"id":249,"partOfSpeech":73,"definition":250,"exampleSentences":251,"isPrimary":36,"meaningOrder":37},"019b7ee1-80a3-7d14-917a-7e57cb482a44","Having dropped down from a higher position.","The fallen leaves covered the ground.\nHe picked up a fallen branch from the path.",{"id":253,"partOfSpeech":73,"definition":254,"exampleSentences":255,"isPrimary":14,"meaningOrder":16},"019b7ee1-80a3-7dac-917a-7e57cc1bbada","No longer in a good or moral state; having lost status.","The fallen hero was once celebrated for his bravery.\nThe town was once prosperous, but now it seems fallen.",{"id":257,"partOfSpeech":33,"definition":258,"exampleSentences":259,"isPrimary":36,"meaningOrder":37},"019b7ee1-80a3-7df4-917a-7e57cd08e7c9","Past participle of 'fall'; to have dropped down.","He has fallen in love with her.\nThe snow has fallen heavily overnight.","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_bbb3602df4a10a6a_en-US.mp3",15,{"id":263,"vocabularyWord":264,"displayOrder":272},"019bdbe1-9d27-71c8-806c-f4167a2f6875",{"id":265,"word":266,"frequency":29,"level":9,"language":8,"partsOfSpeech":267,"audio":14},"019bdbe1-9d20-7e7a-bddd-390aea18d5b3","risen",[268],{"id":269,"partOfSpeech":33,"definition":270,"exampleSentences":271,"isPrimary":36,"meaningOrder":37},"019bdbe1-c984-70b3-8a07-69fa913d0af5","To move upwards or to increase in level or amount.","The sun rises in the morning.\nPrices have risen significantly this year.",16,{"id":274,"vocabularyWord":275,"displayOrder":287},"019bdbe1-9d29-736b-8584-d9cac138913b",{"id":276,"word":277,"frequency":48,"level":9,"language":8,"partsOfSpeech":278,"audio":14},"019bdbe1-9d27-7750-806c-f4167ab738ca","shaken",[279,283],{"id":280,"partOfSpeech":33,"definition":281,"exampleSentences":282,"isPrimary":36,"meaningOrder":37},"019bdbe1-ddd5-7c6a-aa60-874d12ae6460","To move something back and forth or up and down with force.","She shook the bottle to mix the ingredients.\nHe shook his head in disbelief.",{"id":284,"partOfSpeech":73,"definition":285,"exampleSentences":286,"isPrimary":14,"meaningOrder":37},"019bdbe1-ddd5-7d1e-aa60-874d13974a3c","Feeling or showing great emotional disturbance.","After the earthquake, many people felt shaken.\nThe news left her shaken and confused.",17,{"id":289,"vocabularyWord":290,"displayOrder":302},"019bdbe1-9d29-7a9b-8584-d9cac183f0a1",{"id":291,"word":292,"frequency":29,"level":110,"language":8,"partsOfSpeech":293,"audio":14},"019b4697-708c-7b9f-bdc5-3563018bb712","shown",[294,298],{"id":295,"partOfSpeech":33,"definition":296,"exampleSentences":297,"isPrimary":36,"meaningOrder":37},"019b93ec-ccdd-723c-8eef-ccd8f7d5f7b9","To present or display something to someone.","She will show you her artwork.\nCan you show me how to solve this problem?",{"id":299,"partOfSpeech":40,"definition":300,"exampleSentences":301,"isPrimary":14,"meaningOrder":37},"019b93ec-ccdd-72e4-8eef-ccd8f81738dc","A performance or display, usually for entertainment.","We went to see a show at the theater.\nThe circus show was very exciting.",18,{"id":304,"vocabularyWord":305,"displayOrder":317},"019bdbe1-9d2a-7161-8fbf-dad44edfc891",{"id":306,"word":307,"frequency":138,"level":110,"language":8,"partsOfSpeech":308,"audio":14},"019b4697-727f-7786-9fe4-8c9c90f40470","stuck",[309,313],{"id":310,"partOfSpeech":73,"definition":311,"exampleSentences":312,"isPrimary":36,"meaningOrder":37},"019b941e-ee78-7da3-b14e-b58083a0cb21","Unable to move or be moved.","I was stuck in traffic for an hour.\nThe door is stuck and won’t open.",{"id":314,"partOfSpeech":33,"definition":315,"exampleSentences":316,"isPrimary":14,"meaningOrder":37},"019b941e-ee78-7e4f-b14e-b58083bf4466","Past tense of stick; to attach or fasten something.","I stuck the note on the fridge.\nHe stuck his hand up to ask a question.",19,{"id":319,"vocabularyWord":320,"displayOrder":332},"019bdbe1-9d2d-73d2-9b8d-c29bc50f320d",{"id":321,"word":322,"frequency":48,"level":9,"language":8,"partsOfSpeech":323,"audio":14},"019bdbe1-9d2a-7635-8fbf-dad44f524207","forgotten",[324,328],{"id":325,"partOfSpeech":73,"definition":326,"exampleSentences":327,"isPrimary":36,"meaningOrder":37},"019bdbe1-f106-7453-8f75-ab5818a650af","Not remembered or no longer considered important.","He had a forgotten dream that he once had.\nMany forgotten stories are hidden in old books.",{"id":329,"partOfSpeech":33,"definition":330,"exampleSentences":331,"isPrimary":14,"meaningOrder":37},"019bdbe1-f106-750b-8f75-ab5819729d79","To fail to remember something.","I forgot my keys at home.\nShe forgot to call her friend yesterday.",20,{"id":334,"vocabularyWord":335,"displayOrder":347},"019bdbe1-9d2f-77ee-9d27-9f35a166cdb5",{"id":336,"word":337,"frequency":29,"level":9,"language":8,"partsOfSpeech":338,"audio":14},"019bdbe1-9d2d-78a6-9b8d-c29bc5c737f6","ridden",[339,343],{"id":340,"partOfSpeech":33,"definition":341,"exampleSentences":342,"isPrimary":36,"meaningOrder":37},"019bdbe2-0230-771d-8f8e-49f21d33096f","To sit on and control the movement of a vehicle, horse, or other animal.","I love to ride my bike in the park.\nShe learned to ride a horse when she was young.",{"id":344,"partOfSpeech":33,"definition":345,"exampleSentences":346,"isPrimary":14,"meaningOrder":16},"019bdbe2-0230-77b9-8f8e-49f21d456a02","To be carried or transported in a vehicle.","We can ride the bus to school.\nHe rode in the backseat of the car.",21,"2026-01-02T15:49:55+00:00","2026-07-14T17:37:27+00:00",[351],"grammar_exercise_questions_tenses",[],"\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fog_019b7f66-b1e0-7f7e-8efb-a9853febaf95.jpg?v=1784050647",[355,362],{"@id":356,"@type":357,"id":358,"grammarPage":359,"title":360,"instructions":361,"displayOrder":15,"isCompleted":14},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F019d361a-d99c-7129-8100-95efbe0fb74c","GrammarExercise","019d361a-d99c-7129-8100-95efbe0fb74c","\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_pages\u002F019b7f66-b1e0-7f7e-8efb-a9853febaf95","Past Perfect - A Day at Work","Fill in the blanks with the correct Past Perfect forms. Consider what tasks you had completed before the meeting at work. Click on each blank and choose the right answer from the dropdown.",{"@id":363,"@type":357,"id":364,"grammarPage":359,"title":365,"instructions":366,"displayOrder":37,"isCompleted":14},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F019d361a-d99c-7bf1-8100-95efbe5ee7f5","019d361a-d99c-7bf1-8100-95efbe5ee7f5","Past Perfect - Learning a New Skill","Complete the sentences using the Past Perfect tense. Think about what you had practiced or learned before you felt confident in your new skill. Click on each blank and select the appropriate answer from the dropdown."]