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Other","another-other-others-the-other",70.75,{"id":474,"title":475,"slug":476,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":477},"019b7f43-6879-7d25-94aa-fe53784d39c4","Clauses & Linking Words (Cause, Effect, Contrast, Purpose)","cause-and-effect",71,{"id":479,"title":480,"slug":481,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":482},"019b93a4-f831-7564-898b-bd3291f2af79","Second Conditional","second-conditional",72,{"id":484,"title":485,"slug":486,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":487},"019b93bb-80fa-76ce-8b72-e7352b6083b0","Third Conditional","third-conditional",73,{"id":489,"title":490,"slug":491,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":492},"019b9421-c1ca-7371-93ae-96dd1106e47c","Reported speech \u002F Indirect speech","reported-speech-indirect-speech",74,{"id":494,"title":495,"slug":496,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":497},"019dfd54-bbaf-7b5b-921a-1fb3d0c2a2a6","Gerund vs Infinitive","gerund-vs-infinitive",74.5,{"id":499,"title":500,"slug":501,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":502},"01a0e1ab-d5d8-7484-8fca-82bc3d0644d7","Indirect Questions with If, Whether and Question Words","indirect-questions-with-if-whether-and-question-words",74.51,{"id":504,"title":505,"slug":506,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":507},"01a0e1ab-d564-7990-a767-ffb4264741b3","Be Used to and Get Used to","be-used-to-and-get-used-to",74.52,{"id":509,"title":510,"slug":511,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":512},"01a0e1ab-d5fd-7a5b-8f33-7d17c98ef74a","So Do I and Neither Do I","so-do-i-and-neither-do-i",74.53,{"id":514,"title":515,"slug":516,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":517},"01a0e1ab-d627-7249-805f-9514f407e8a4","Verbs with Two Objects: To and For","verbs-with-two-objects-to-and-for",74.54,{"id":519,"title":520,"slug":521,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":522},"01a0e1ab-d621-75b7-8c67-9601c998b52e","Verbs with Dependent Prepositions","verbs-with-dependent-prepositions",74.55,{"id":524,"title":525,"slug":526,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":527},"01a0e1ab-d5eb-7838-9223-95e410fff7b9","Nouns with Dependent Prepositions","nouns-with-dependent-prepositions",74.56,{"id":529,"title":530,"slug":531,"language":9,"level":357,"displayOrder":532},"01a0e1ab-d5cc-783e-9492-99f1542755f2","Had Better: Advice and Warnings","had-better-advice-and-warnings",74.57,{"id":534,"title":535,"slug":536,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":538},"019b986e-3c6a-72a3-9d42-65053d9e4657","Past Perfect (B2)","past-perfect-b2","B2",75,{"id":540,"title":541,"slug":542,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":543},"019b9875-a5b8-753a-8892-02d60cf124f3","Past Perfect Continuous","past-perfect-continuous",76,{"id":545,"title":546,"slug":547,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":548},"019b98ad-b43d-70eb-9bf8-98360d4b8745","Narrative tenses","narrative-tenses",77,{"id":550,"title":551,"slug":552,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":553},"019b98bb-42d1-7d70-8952-3f7934673d2c","Would - Expressing habits in the past","would-expressing-habits-in-the-past",78,{"id":555,"title":556,"slug":557,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":558},"019b98bd-abbe-77ac-84ec-e3ed78abff75","Future Continuous (B2)","future-continuous-b2",79,{"id":560,"title":561,"slug":562,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":563},"019b996c-756a-7595-8991-7fbfd497bca0","Future Perfect","future-perfect",80,{"id":565,"title":566,"slug":567,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":568},"019b9973-ccc0-7aea-94b3-d59ca2b27d38","Future Perfect Continuous","future-perfect-continuous",81,{"id":570,"title":571,"slug":572,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":573},"019dfde9-8a73-7247-ac3c-834f3e800f0a","Future in the Past","future-in-the-past",81.5,{"id":575,"title":576,"slug":577,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":578},"019b997c-1273-7267-bc94-e10133989373","Adjectives and Adverbs","adjectives-and-adverbs",82,{"id":580,"title":581,"slug":582,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":583},"019dfd9b-c2c7-7f83-b2ce-1554f06f427c","Discourse Markers","discourse-markers",82.5,{"id":585,"title":586,"slug":587,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":588},"019ba3df-b04f-7684-9f23-1939e873ec29","Defining & non-defining relative clauses","defining-non-defining-relative-clauses",83,{"id":590,"title":591,"slug":592,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":593},"019ba3fc-5f03-7360-a405-79bca6f524d2","Passive voice","passive-voice",84,{"id":595,"title":596,"slug":597,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":598},"019ba7c7-5eb8-76f4-a04c-ce82fa1b4568","Passive Voice: Additional Uses and Nuances","passive-voice-additional-uses-and-nuances",85,{"id":600,"title":601,"slug":602,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":603},"019dfdfa-7403-7489-8772-2ee826b8e57b","There vs It","there-vs-it",85.5,{"id":605,"title":606,"slug":607,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":608},"019ba7d2-7094-7519-b0f1-7b9c0b8d1a84","Deduction & Speculation (Modals)","deduction-speculation-modals",86,{"id":610,"title":611,"slug":612,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":613},"019ba7e3-8713-7c45-a547-be8a80ad5763","Modals (can’t have & needn’t have)","modals-cant-have-neednt-have",87,{"id":615,"title":616,"slug":617,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":618},"019ba7f0-c7aa-7cb5-820b-7cf90b088c6d","Wish (Expressing Regret, Desire, and Imagined Situations)","wish-expressing-regret-desire-and-imagined-situations",88,{"id":620,"title":621,"slug":622,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":623},"019ba801-1386-70f7-b6f1-0000e045cc8b","Mixed Conditionals","mixed-conditionals",89,{"id":625,"title":626,"slug":627,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":628},"019ba80b-0997-7e31-aec6-b14a79efe69e","Reported Speech","reported-speech",90,{"id":630,"title":631,"slug":632,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":633},"019dfdf1-5b30-731a-b71e-63d79f5a409b","Verb Patterns","verb-patterns",90.5,{"id":635,"title":636,"slug":637,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":638},"01a0e1ab-d608-72f0-ae7b-02084e6afb58","Subject-Verb Agreement with Complex Subjects","subject-verb-agreement-with-complex-subjects",90.51,{"id":640,"title":641,"slug":642,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":643},"01a0e1ab-d5f1-7df8-9e70-f2c2ebdb7f87","Participle Clauses for Time, Reason and Result","participle-clauses-for-time-reason-and-result",90.52,{"id":645,"title":646,"slug":647,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":648},"01a0e1ab-d5b1-734c-b34d-419db9e26b1d","Emphatic Do, Does and Did","emphatic-do-does-and-did",90.53,{"id":650,"title":651,"slug":652,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":653},"01a0e1ab-d633-7103-8c29-0ff220ac6d29","Would Rather, Would Prefer and Prefer","would-rather-would-prefer-and-prefer",90.54,{"id":655,"title":656,"slug":657,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":658},"01a0e1ab-d614-7ce6-bb2b-df1c89246cd8","That-Clauses and Whether-Clauses as Complements","that-clauses-and-whether-clauses-as-complements",90.55,{"id":660,"title":661,"slug":662,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":664},"019ba879-7d5a-7e14-8941-8c79d67c94ed","Narrative tenses for experience, incl. passive","narrative-tenses-for-experience-incl-passive","C1",91,{"id":666,"title":667,"slug":668,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":669},"019ba883-e2dd-7cf2-becf-a1b53f06feaa","Future Tenses (Revision)","future-tenses-revision",92,{"id":671,"title":672,"slug":673,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":674},"019ba891-4e3d-7714-b92c-7cab6023957a","Mixed Conditionals (Past, present & future)","mixed-conditionals-past-present-future",93,{"id":676,"title":677,"slug":678,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":679},"019ba897-8cbb-7842-ad6e-c6e11ffa1701","Wish \u002F If only (Regrets)","wish-if-only-regrets",94,{"id":681,"title":682,"slug":683,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":684},"019ba8a9-71c4-7787-96a0-6a02f8a55e49","Passive Forms","passive-forms",95,{"id":686,"title":687,"slug":688,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":689},"019ba8b8-bc3e-7662-8e7a-4c432325ad08","Modals in the past","modals-in-the-past",96,{"id":691,"title":692,"slug":693,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":694},"019dfe19-a32b-7ab1-9be5-4aebce963308","Modal Verbs: Will, Would & Should","modal-verbs-will-would-should",96.5,{"id":696,"title":697,"slug":698,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":699},"019dfe2a-3524-779c-9c22-273be8bd4134","Modal Verbs: Can, Could, May & Might","modal-verbs-can-could-may-might",96.75,{"id":701,"title":702,"slug":703,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":704},"019ba8c3-4434-78e7-a2af-f992da01a459","Inversion with negative adverbials","inversion-with-negative-adverbials",97,{"id":706,"title":707,"slug":708,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":709},"01a0e1ab-d5aa-756b-b06b-76ca59800cb2","Ellipsis with Auxiliaries and Infinitives","ellipsis-with-auxiliaries-and-infinitives",97.01,{"id":711,"title":712,"slug":713,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":714},"01a0e1ab-d60e-7755-901b-763344a63a75","Substitution with Do So, So and Not","substitution-with-do-so-so-and-not",97.02,{"id":716,"title":717,"slug":718,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":719},"01a0e1ab-d57e-70e9-98fe-8107fd9c38c1","Complex Noun Phrases: Modification and Complementation","complex-noun-phrases-modification-and-complementation",97.03,{"id":721,"title":722,"slug":723,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":724},"01a0e1ab-d5e5-73b5-b5bc-53d16d704466","Nominalisation and Noun-Based Style","nominalisation-and-noun-based-style",97.04,{"id":726,"title":727,"slug":728,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":729},"01a0e1ab-d61b-7161-8c0a-c5eded00cf86","The Subjunctive in Demands and Recommendations","the-subjunctive-in-demands-and-recommendations",97.05,{"id":731,"title":732,"slug":733,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":734},"01a0e1ab-d56c-78aa-b897-1469dd6a3315","Cleft Sentences: It-Clefts, Wh-Clefts and All-Clefts","cleft-sentences-it-clefts-wh-clefts-and-all-clefts",97.06,{"id":736,"title":737,"slug":738,"language":9,"level":663,"displayOrder":739},"01a0e1ab-d594-7dd6-9ff4-94959247d273","Concession with Whatever, No Matter and As","concession-with-whatever-no-matter-and-as",97.07,{"id":741,"title":742,"slug":743,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":745},"01a0e1ab-d542-7721-9c84-6e47716ee54b","Absolute and Verbless Supplementary Clauses","absolute-and-verbless-supplementary-clauses","C2",98,{"id":747,"title":748,"slug":749,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":750},"01a0e1ab-d5bf-7022-8177-a107314b83fb","Free Relative Clauses: Reference and Ambiguity","free-relative-clauses-reference-and-ambiguity",99,{"id":752,"title":753,"slug":754,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":755},"01a0e1ab-d5c5-7677-85af-023326574682","Gapping and Shared Elements in Coordination","gapping-and-shared-elements-in-coordination",100,{"id":757,"title":758,"slug":759,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":760},"01a0e1ab-d59c-7289-a960-fc9da7101a43","Dislocation and Resumptive Pronouns in Spoken Discourse","dislocation-and-resumptive-pronouns-in-spoken-discourse",101,{"id":762,"title":763,"slug":764,"language":9,"level":744,"displayOrder":765},"01a0e1ab-d5de-7245-aaf8-c59b501eafc4","Negation, Quantifier Scope and Ambiguity","negation-quantifier-scope-and-ambiguity",102,{"id":635,"title":636,"slug":637,"seoDescription":767,"content":768,"language":9,"level":537,"displayOrder":638,"grammarTopics":769,"createdAt":775,"updatedAt":776,"vocabularyLists":777,"readyImages":778},"Learn how to match verbs with complex subjects, including noun phrases, joined subjects, quantities, collective nouns and subjects containing clauses.","A long subject can make it difficult to choose between **is and are**, **has and have**, or **works and work**. To make the verb agree, identify the main part of the subject, then check whether a special pattern affects the choice.\n\n## 1. Find the head of the subject\n\nThe *head* is the central word in a noun phrase. In most noun phrases, this word determines whether the verb is singular or plural. Words between the head and the verb do not normally change the agreement.\n\n| Complete subject | Head | Sentence |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| The list of suggested changes | list | The **list** of suggested changes **is** ready. |\n| The changes to the original plan | changes | The **changes** to the original plan **are** important. |\n| The woman carrying two bags | woman | The **woman** carrying two bags **needs** help. |\n| The books on the highest shelf | books | The **books** on the highest shelf **belong** to me. |\n\n:::tip\nTemporarily remove the extra information: “The list of suggested changes is ready” becomes “The list is ready.” This helps you avoid choosing a verb just because it is next to a plural noun.\n:::\n\n## 2. Subjects joined by and, or and nor\n\nTwo separate people or things joined by **and** normally take a plural verb.\n\n:::example\n**The manager and her assistant are** attending the meeting.\n\n**Reading and swimming are** my favourite activities.\n:::\n\nA singular verb is possible when the joined words describe one person, one thing or a single combination.\n\n- **The owner and chef is** greeting customers. One person has both roles.\n- **Fish and chips is** my favourite meal. The words name one dish.\n- **Every desk and every chair needs** cleaning. Repeated **every** presents the items individually.\n\nWith **or**, **either … or** and **neither … nor**, use a singular verb when both alternatives are singular, and a plural verb when both are plural.\n\n| Alternatives | Example |\n| --- | --- |\n| Both singular | **Either the key or the code is** needed. |\n| Both plural | **Neither the teachers nor the students are** ready. |\n| Mixed number | **Either the manager or the assistants are** attending. |\n| Mixed number, reversed | **Either the assistants or the manager is** attending. |\n\nWith mixed singular and plural alternatives, the verb usually agrees with the nearer part. If the result sounds awkward, rewrite it: **Either the manager is attending, or the assistants are.**\n\n## 3. Quantity expressions\n\nSome quantity expressions have their own agreement patterns. Do not apply the head-word shortcut mechanically to all expressions with **of**.\n\n| Expression | Agreement | Example |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Each\u002Feither\u002Fneither of + plural noun | Singular in careful formal writing | **Each of the rooms has** a window. |\n| One of + plural noun | Singular | **One of my neighbours works** here. |\n| A number of + plural noun | Plural: several | **A number of guests have** arrived. |\n| The number of + plural noun | Singular: the total | **The number of guests has** increased. |\n| All\u002Fsome\u002Fmost of + uncountable noun | Singular | **Most of the equipment is** new. |\n| All\u002Fsome\u002Fmost of + plural countable noun | Plural | **Most of the computers are** new. |\n| A fraction or percentage of something | Depends on what is measured | **Half of the cake is** left. **Half of the sandwiches are** left. |\n\n**Everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, no one** and **nobody** take singular verbs: **Everyone in these offices has** a security pass.\n\n:::note\nYou may hear **Either of them are** or **Neither of them are**, especially in informal speech. Singular agreement is the safer choice in formal writing.\n\n**None** is not always singular. Use **None of the information is useful**, but both **None of the answers is correct** and **None of the answers are correct** are standard. The singular can emphasise “not one”.\n:::\n\n## 4. Keep agreement separate in each clause\n\nA relative clause has its own agreement. When **who**, **which** or **that** is the subject of that clause, its verb agrees with the person or thing it refers to. The main verb still agrees with the main subject.\n\n:::example\nThe **report** that **contains** the sales figures **is** missing.\n\nThe **reports** that **contain** the sales figures **are** missing.\n\nThe **quality** of the products that **are** made here **is** excellent.\n:::\n\nIn the last sentence, **are made** refers to the plural **products**, while **is** agrees with singular **quality**. Do not let the verb inside the relative clause control the main verb.\n\n## 5. Groups and amounts: meaning matters\n\nCollective nouns such as **team**, **family**, **staff** and **committee** name groups. In British English, singular agreement often presents a group as one unit; plural agreement can focus on its members.\n\n:::example\nThe **committee has** reached a decision. The group acts as a unit.\n\nThe **committee are** divided over the proposal. The members disagree.\n:::\n\nAmerican English generally prefers singular agreement with these collective nouns. To focus clearly on individuals in either variety, write **The committee members are divided**. Keep related pronouns consistent with your choice: **The team is celebrating its victory** or, in British English, **The team are celebrating their victory**.\n\nAmounts of time, money and distance often take singular verbs when understood as one total.\n\n- **Ten kilometres is** a long way to walk.\n- **Fifty pounds is** enough for the ticket.\n- **Two hours is** plenty of time.\n\nCompare **The last two hours have been exhausting**: here the subject describes a period experienced, rather than measuring how much time is needed.\n\n## 6. An activity or a whole clause as subject\n\nAn **-ing** phrase naming one activity normally takes a singular verb, even if it contains a plural noun.\n\n:::example\n**Checking all the details takes** time.\n\n**Working with young children requires** patience.\n:::\n\nA single clause introduced by **that** or **whether** also normally takes a singular verb.\n\n- **That several files are missing is** worrying.\n- **Whether the guests stay overnight depends** on the weather.\n\nIn the first example, **are** agrees with **files** inside the clause. The main verb **is** treats the whole situation as one subject.\n\n## 7. Check the sentence before you finish\n\n:::warning\nDo not automatically agree with the nearest noun.\n\nIncorrect: The cost of the repairs **have** increased.\n\nCorrect: The cost of the repairs **has** increased.\n\nHowever, **A number of repairs have been completed** is correct: **a number of** means “several”.\n:::\n\nUse this short checklist:\n\n1. Find the subject of each verb separately.\n2. For an ordinary noun phrase, identify its head and ignore added descriptions.\n3. Check for a special pattern: joined subjects, quantity expressions or collective nouns.\n4. Decide whether an amount describes one total or separate items.\n5. Rewrite mixed or awkward subjects if this makes the agreement clearer.",[770],{"id":771,"name":772,"level":537,"language":9,"isCompleted":773,"completionPercentage":774,"totalExercises":26,"completedExercises":774},"01a0e1ab-d4f9-78f4-a576-49053fe7ba09","Subject-verb agreement in complex sentences",false,0,"2026-09-27T07:02:10+00:00","2026-10-14T10:40:29+00:00",[],[],null,[781,790,797,804],{"@id":782,"@type":783,"id":784,"grammarPage":785,"title":786,"instructions":787,"displayOrder":774,"type":788,"questionCount":91,"blankCount":197,"isCompleted":773,"ogImageUrl":789},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a0e1ab-df2d-7ce4-b069-92dd357c8d7d","GrammarExercise","01a0e1ab-df2d-7ce4-b069-92dd357c8d7d","\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_pages\u002F01a0e1ab-d608-72f0-ae7b-02084e6afb58","Subject-Verb Agreement with Complex Subjects — Forms in Context","Choose the option that completes each sentence in context. Follow any stated meaning or register.","word_select","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_3e523881-46d0-4fdb-a11b-268ef9051516_hero.webp?v=1790492532",{"@id":791,"@type":783,"id":792,"grammarPage":785,"title":793,"instructions":794,"displayOrder":11,"type":795,"questionCount":76,"blankCount":774,"isCompleted":773,"ogImageUrl":796},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a0e1ab-df65-79e3-8228-826503bea739","01a0e1ab-df65-79e3-8228-826503bea739","Subject-Verb Agreement with Complex Subjects — Find and Correct the Error","Find the incorrect word and choose its correction.","find_and_fix","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_558b4489-8913-4525-809b-526195eab376_hero.webp?v=1790492532",{"@id":798,"@type":783,"id":799,"grammarPage":785,"title":800,"instructions":801,"displayOrder":16,"type":802,"questionCount":66,"blankCount":66,"isCompleted":773,"ogImageUrl":803},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a0e1ab-df72-7bde-9fdd-ff20f15c2007","01a0e1ab-df72-7bde-9fdd-ff20f15c2007","Complex Subjects: Workplace Sentences","Arrange the tiles to build each sentence. Leave out the extra word.","sentence_builder","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_38b6d9dd-3b70-4a0f-8608-de51f57294b3_hero.webp?v=1790492532",{"@id":805,"@type":783,"id":806,"grammarPage":785,"title":807,"instructions":801,"displayOrder":21,"type":802,"questionCount":66,"blankCount":66,"isCompleted":773,"ogImageUrl":808},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a0e1ab-df88-77c2-8678-cbca6e29ea16","01a0e1ab-df88-77c2-8678-cbca6e29ea16","Complex Subjects: Activities, Clauses and Amounts","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_e3125008-73f2-4360-85e7-7ad6845011ae_hero.webp?v=1790492532",{"id":784,"grammarPage":785,"title":786,"instructions":787,"seoTitle":810,"seoDescription":811,"displayOrder":774,"type":788,"questions":812,"ogImageUrl":789},"Complex Subject Agreement: Forms in Context","Practise subject-verb agreement with complex subjects in gap-fill sentences about workplace plans, group activities, quantities and everyday decisions.",[813],{"id":814,"sentenceTemplate":815,"displayOrder":774,"explanation":816,"exampleSentence":817,"blanks":818},"01a0e1ab-df2e-71cd-8e8e-69911e106bbf","The box of spare cables __1__ disappeared, but the cables beside the printer __2__ remained in place.","The singular head box takes has; the plural head cables takes have. The intervening descriptions do not determine agreement. Having cannot form either finite verb here.","The instructions inside the packet are clear, but the picture on the cover is confusing.",[819,832],{"id":820,"blankNumber":11,"options":821},"01a0e1ab-df2d-7f98-b069-92dd37195fb0",[822,825,829],{"id":823,"optionText":824,"isCorrect":773,"displayOrder":774},"01a0e1ab-df2d-7eac-b069-92dd35ee7924","have",{"id":826,"optionText":827,"isCorrect":828,"displayOrder":11},"01a0e1ab-df2d-7f08-b069-92dd360fe048","has",true,{"id":830,"optionText":831,"isCorrect":773,"displayOrder":16},"01a0e1ab-df2d-7f54-b069-92dd361a166b","having",{"id":833,"blankNumber":16,"options":834},"01a0e1ab-df2e-7151-8e8e-69911db1048c",[835,837,839],{"id":836,"optionText":831,"isCorrect":773,"displayOrder":774},"01a0e1ab-df2e-707d-8e8e-69911cd8bcd1",{"id":838,"optionText":827,"isCorrect":773,"displayOrder":11},"01a0e1ab-df2e-70cd-8e8e-69911cde0055",{"id":840,"optionText":824,"isCorrect":828,"displayOrder":16},"01a0e1ab-df2e-7111-8e8e-69911cee5df6",{"html":842,"toc":843},"\u003Cp>A long subject can make it difficult to choose between \u003Cstrong>is and are\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>has and have\u003C\u002Fstrong>, or \u003Cstrong>works and work\u003C\u002Fstrong>. To make the verb agree, identify the main part of the subject, then check whether a special pattern affects the choice.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"find-the-head-of-the-subject\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">1.\u003C\u002Fspan>Find the head of the subject\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>The \u003Cem>head\u003C\u002Fem> is the central word in a noun phrase. In most noun phrases, this word determines whether the verb is singular or plural. Words between the head and the verb do not normally change the agreement.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>Complete subject\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>Head\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>Sentence\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>The list of suggested changes\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>list\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>The \u003Cstrong>list\u003C\u002Fstrong> of suggested changes \u003Cstrong>is\u003C\u002Fstrong> ready.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>The changes to the original plan\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>changes\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>The \u003Cstrong>changes\u003C\u002Fstrong> to the original plan \u003Cstrong>are\u003C\u002Fstrong> important.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>The woman carrying two bags\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>woman\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>The \u003Cstrong>woman\u003C\u002Fstrong> carrying two bags \u003Cstrong>needs\u003C\u002Fstrong> help.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>The books on the highest shelf\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>books\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>The \u003Cstrong>books\u003C\u002Fstrong> on the highest shelf \u003Cstrong>belong\u003C\u002Fstrong> to me.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--tip\">\u003Cp>Temporarily remove the extra information: “The list of suggested changes is ready” becomes “The list is ready.” This helps you avoid choosing a verb just because it is next to a plural noun.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"subjects-joined-by-and-or-and-nor\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">2.\u003C\u002Fspan>Subjects joined by and, or and nor\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>Two separate people or things joined by \u003Cstrong>and\u003C\u002Fstrong> normally take a plural verb.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>The manager and her assistant are\u003C\u002Fstrong> attending the meeting.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Reading and swimming are\u003C\u002Fstrong> my favourite activities.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>A singular verb is possible when the joined words describe one person, one thing or a single combination.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>The owner and chef is\u003C\u002Fstrong> greeting customers. One person has both roles.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Fish and chips is\u003C\u002Fstrong> my favourite meal. The words name one dish.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Every desk and every chair needs\u003C\u002Fstrong> cleaning. Repeated \u003Cstrong>every\u003C\u002Fstrong> presents the items individually.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>With \u003Cstrong>or\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>either … or\u003C\u002Fstrong> and \u003Cstrong>neither … nor\u003C\u002Fstrong>, use a singular verb when both alternatives are singular, and a plural verb when both are plural.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>Alternatives\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>Example\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Both singular\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>Either the key or the code is\u003C\u002Fstrong> needed.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Both plural\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>Neither the teachers nor the students are\u003C\u002Fstrong> ready.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Mixed number\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>Either the manager or the assistants are\u003C\u002Fstrong> attending.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Mixed number, reversed\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>Either the assistants or the manager is\u003C\u002Fstrong> attending.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>With mixed singular and plural alternatives, the verb usually agrees with the nearer part. If the result sounds awkward, rewrite it: \u003Cstrong>Either the manager is attending, or the assistants are.\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"quantity-expressions\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">3.\u003C\u002Fspan>Quantity expressions\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>Some quantity expressions have their own agreement patterns. Do not apply the head-word shortcut mechanically to all expressions with \u003Cstrong>of\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>Expression\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>Agreement\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>Example\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Each\u002Feither\u002Fneither of + plural noun\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Singular in careful formal writing\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>Each of the rooms has\u003C\u002Fstrong> a window.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>One of + plural noun\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Singular\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>One of my neighbours works\u003C\u002Fstrong> here.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>A number of + plural noun\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Plural: several\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>A number of guests have\u003C\u002Fstrong> arrived.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>The number of + plural noun\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Singular: the total\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>The number of guests has\u003C\u002Fstrong> increased.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>All\u002Fsome\u002Fmost of + uncountable noun\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Singular\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>Most of the equipment is\u003C\u002Fstrong> new.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>All\u002Fsome\u002Fmost of + plural countable noun\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Plural\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>Most of the computers are\u003C\u002Fstrong> new.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>A fraction or percentage of something\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Depends on what is measured\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>Half of the cake is\u003C\u002Fstrong> left. \u003Cstrong>Half of the sandwiches are\u003C\u002Fstrong> left.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, no one\u003C\u002Fstrong> and \u003Cstrong>nobody\u003C\u002Fstrong> take singular verbs: \u003Cstrong>Everyone in these offices has\u003C\u002Fstrong> a security pass.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--note\">\u003Cp>You may hear \u003Cstrong>Either of them are\u003C\u002Fstrong> or \u003Cstrong>Neither of them are\u003C\u002Fstrong>, especially in informal speech. Singular agreement is the safer choice in formal writing.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>None\u003C\u002Fstrong> is not always singular. Use \u003Cstrong>None of the information is useful\u003C\u002Fstrong>, but both \u003Cstrong>None of the answers is correct\u003C\u002Fstrong> and \u003Cstrong>None of the answers are correct\u003C\u002Fstrong> are standard. The singular can emphasise “not one”.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"keep-agreement-separate-in-each-clause\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">4.\u003C\u002Fspan>Keep agreement separate in each clause\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>A relative clause has its own agreement. When \u003Cstrong>who\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>which\u003C\u002Fstrong> or \u003Cstrong>that\u003C\u002Fstrong> is the subject of that clause, its verb agrees with the person or thing it refers to. The main verb still agrees with the main subject.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>The \u003Cstrong>report\u003C\u002Fstrong> that \u003Cstrong>contains\u003C\u002Fstrong> the sales figures \u003Cstrong>is\u003C\u002Fstrong> missing.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>The \u003Cstrong>reports\u003C\u002Fstrong> that \u003Cstrong>contain\u003C\u002Fstrong> the sales figures \u003Cstrong>are\u003C\u002Fstrong> missing.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>The \u003Cstrong>quality\u003C\u002Fstrong> of the products that \u003Cstrong>are\u003C\u002Fstrong> made here \u003Cstrong>is\u003C\u002Fstrong> excellent.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>In the last sentence, \u003Cstrong>are made\u003C\u002Fstrong> refers to the plural \u003Cstrong>products\u003C\u002Fstrong>, while \u003Cstrong>is\u003C\u002Fstrong> agrees with singular \u003Cstrong>quality\u003C\u002Fstrong>. Do not let the verb inside the relative clause control the main verb.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"groups-and-amounts-meaning-matters\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">5.\u003C\u002Fspan>Groups and amounts: meaning matters\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>Collective nouns such as \u003Cstrong>team\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>family\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>staff\u003C\u002Fstrong> and \u003Cstrong>committee\u003C\u002Fstrong> name groups. In British English, singular agreement often presents a group as one unit; plural agreement can focus on its members.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>The \u003Cstrong>committee has\u003C\u002Fstrong> reached a decision. The group acts as a unit.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>The \u003Cstrong>committee are\u003C\u002Fstrong> divided over the proposal. The members disagree.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>American English generally prefers singular agreement with these collective nouns. To focus clearly on individuals in either variety, write \u003Cstrong>The committee members are divided\u003C\u002Fstrong>. Keep related pronouns consistent with your choice: \u003Cstrong>The team is celebrating its victory\u003C\u002Fstrong> or, in British English, \u003Cstrong>The team are celebrating their victory\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Amounts of time, money and distance often take singular verbs when understood as one total.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Ten kilometres is\u003C\u002Fstrong> a long way to walk.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Fifty pounds is\u003C\u002Fstrong> enough for the ticket.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Two hours is\u003C\u002Fstrong> plenty of time.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>Compare \u003Cstrong>The last two hours have been exhausting\u003C\u002Fstrong>: here the subject describes a period experienced, rather than measuring how much time is needed.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"an-activity-or-a-whole-clause-as-subject\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">6.\u003C\u002Fspan>An activity or a whole clause as subject\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>An \u003Cstrong>-ing\u003C\u002Fstrong> phrase naming one activity normally takes a singular verb, even if it contains a plural noun.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Checking all the details takes\u003C\u002Fstrong> time.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Working with young children requires\u003C\u002Fstrong> patience.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>A single clause introduced by \u003Cstrong>that\u003C\u002Fstrong> or \u003Cstrong>whether\u003C\u002Fstrong> also normally takes a singular verb.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>That several files are missing is\u003C\u002Fstrong> worrying.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Whether the guests stay overnight depends\u003C\u002Fstrong> on the weather.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>In the first example, \u003Cstrong>are\u003C\u002Fstrong> agrees with \u003Cstrong>files\u003C\u002Fstrong> inside the clause. The main verb \u003Cstrong>is\u003C\u002Fstrong> treats the whole situation as one subject.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"check-the-sentence-before-you-finish\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">7.\u003C\u002Fspan>Check the sentence before you finish\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--warning\">\u003Cp>Do not automatically agree with the nearest noun.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Incorrect: The cost of the repairs \u003Cstrong>have\u003C\u002Fstrong> increased.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Correct: The cost of the repairs \u003Cstrong>has\u003C\u002Fstrong> increased.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>However, \u003Cstrong>A number of repairs have been completed\u003C\u002Fstrong> is correct: \u003Cstrong>a number of\u003C\u002Fstrong> means “several”.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>Use this short checklist:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Col>\n\u003Cli>Find the subject of each verb separately.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>For an ordinary noun phrase, identify its head and ignore added descriptions.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>Check for a special pattern: joined subjects, quantity expressions or collective nouns.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>Decide whether an amount describes one total or separate items.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>Rewrite mixed or awkward subjects if this makes the agreement clearer.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Fol>\n",[844,848,852,856,860,864,868],{"id":845,"text":846,"depth":16,"number":847},"find-the-head-of-the-subject","Find the head of the subject","1",{"id":849,"text":850,"depth":16,"number":851},"subjects-joined-by-and-or-and-nor","Subjects joined by and, or and nor","2",{"id":853,"text":854,"depth":16,"number":855},"quantity-expressions","Quantity expressions","3",{"id":857,"text":858,"depth":16,"number":859},"keep-agreement-separate-in-each-clause","Keep agreement separate in each clause","4",{"id":861,"text":862,"depth":16,"number":863},"groups-and-amounts-meaning-matters","Groups and amounts: meaning matters","5",{"id":865,"text":866,"depth":16,"number":867},"an-activity-or-a-whole-clause-as-subject","An activity or a whole clause as subject","6",{"id":869,"text":870,"depth":16,"number":871},"check-the-sentence-before-you-finish","Check the sentence before you finish","7"]