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o-koeru-jouken",235,{"id":1188,"title":1189,"slug":1190,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1191},"01a09a7b-ebb7-7992-8713-aa129d1a1e39","にせよ・にしろと複数の仮定","ni-seyo-ni-shiro-to-fukusuu-no-katei",236,{"id":1193,"title":1194,"slug":1195,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1196},"01a09a7b-ed56-70ab-b13a-5aa70401279e","とあってと特別な事情","to-atte-to-tokubetsu-na-jijou",237,{"id":1198,"title":1199,"slug":1200,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1201},"01a09a7b-ed4f-7f72-a3c0-702a69d8efb0","とあればと特別な前提","to-areba-to-tokubetsu-na-zentei",238,{"id":1203,"title":1204,"slug":1205,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1206},"01a09a7b-eb54-7172-83b8-212e0660b39b","なくしてと不可欠な条件","naku-shite-to-fukaketsu-na-jouken",239,{"id":1208,"title":1209,"slug":1210,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1211},"01a09a7b-ec33-76d7-820c-b54371c3b0aa","をもってと期限・手段の宣言","o-motte-to-kigen-shudan-no-sengen",240,{"id":1213,"title":1214,"slug":1215,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1216},"01a09a7b-ec27-7f99-bac3-4733b30f267a","を禁じ得ないと抑えられない感情","o-kinji-enai-to-osaerarenai-kanjou",241,{"id":1218,"title":1219,"slug":1220,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1221},"01a09a7b-ebc2-7a26-a6a8-811ef87212d3","に堪えないと感情の極み","ni-taenai-to-kanjou-no-kiwami",242,{"id":1223,"title":1224,"slug":1225,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1226},"01a09a7b-ea80-7f49-a05f-ee4b16fd6ff0","極まりない・極まると極端な評価","kiwamarinai-kiwamaru-to-kyokutan-na-hyouka",243,{"id":1228,"title":1229,"slug":1230,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1231},"01a09a7b-e8ef-7e0f-87a6-e0b7637d3dba","文中の時制と視点の移動","bunchuu-no-jisei-to-shiten-no-idou",244,{"id":1233,"title":1234,"slug":1235,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1236},"01a09a7b-e9a1-7bd2-a6d1-a5a5d3080392","法令・論文・報道における文体の選択","hourei-ronbun-houdou-ni-okeru-buntai-no-sentaku",245,{"id":575,"title":576,"slug":577,"seoDescription":1238,"content":1239,"language":9,"level":452,"displayOrder":578,"grammarTopics":1240,"createdAt":1246,"updatedAt":1247,"vocabularyLists":1248,"primaryTopicHub":1642,"readyImages":1644},"直接受身を使い、能動文の目的語を主語・話題にして、動作を受ける側から出来事を述べます。対象のををが・はへ、動作主のがをにへ変える基本、動作主を省く場面、人の具体的な行為に使うにと、作者・発明者などを改まって示すによっての違いを例で確認し、否定的とは限らない受身文を正確に作れます。","**直接受身（ちょくせつうけみ）**では、能動文（のうどうぶん）で動作（どうさ）の対象（たいしょう）だった人や物を主語（しゅご）・話題（わだい）にして、出来事（できごと）をその側から述べます。\n\n「先生が学生を褒（ほ）めました」なら、「学生は先生に褒められました」と変えられます。褒める対象だった学生が文の中心になります。\n\n## 一　能動文から変える\n\n基本（きほん）は「動作主＋が＋対象＋を＋動詞」から「対象＋は・が＋動作主＋に＋受身形（うけみけい）」への変化です。\n\n| 役割（やくわり） | 能動文 | 直接受身文 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 動作の対象 | 学生**を** | 学生**は・が** |\n| 動作をする人 | 先生**が** | 先生**に** |\n| 動詞（どうし） | 褒めました | 褒め**られました** |\n\n受身形は、動詞のグループによって次のように作ります。\n\n- **Ⅰ類**は、**ない形の語幹＋れる**です。書かない → 書か**れる**、読まない → 読ま**れる**。「〜う」で終わる動詞は「〜われる」になります（買う → 買わ**れる**、言う → 言わ**れる**）。\n- **Ⅱ類**は、**ます形の語幹＋られる**です。褒めます → 褒め**られる**、食べます → 食べ**られる**。\n- **する**と**来る（くる）**は決まった形です。する → **される**、来る → **来られる（こられる）**になります。\n\n| 動詞のグループ | 受身形 |\n| --- | --- |\n| Ⅰ類（書く・読む） | 書く → 書かれる、読む → 読まれる |\n| Ⅰ類（待つ・呼ぶ・話す） | 待つ → 待たれる、呼ぶ → 呼ばれる、話す → 話される |\n| Ⅰ類（取る・泳ぐ・死ぬ） | 取る → 取られる、泳ぐ → 泳がれる、死ぬ → 死なれる |\n| Ⅰ類（〜う） | 買う → 買われる、言う → 言われる、使う → 使われる |\n| Ⅱ類（褒める） | 褒める → 褒められる |\n| する | する → される |\n| 来る（くる） | 来る → 来られる |\n\n「死ぬ」は自動詞なので、**死なれる**は「父に死なれた」のような間接受身で使い、直接受身の例ではありません。\n\n:::warning\nⅡ類の受身形「褒められる」は、可能形（かのうけい）と同じ形です。**私は先生に褒められました**は「先生が私を褒めた」という受身ですが、**私は人を褒められます**は「人を褒めることができる」という可能の意味です。助詞と文脈で読み分けます。\n:::\n\n:::example\n**警察（けいさつ）が男を捕（つか）まえました。**\n\n**男は警察に捕まえられました。**\n\n対象の「男」が話題になり、動作主の「警察」は「に」で示されます。\n:::\n\n## 二　動作主を示す「に・から・によって」\n\n受身文で動作主や原因を示すときは、**に・から・によって**を使い分けます。\n\n| 形 | 使う場面 | 例 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| に | 人や動物による具体的な動作 | 私は先生**に**褒められました。 |\n| から | 行為や評価の出どころを示す | この歌手は多くの人**から**愛されています。 |\n| によって | 改まった文で動作主・原因・手段を示す | この小説は夏目漱石**によって**書かれました。 |\n\n人や動物などが行う具体的な動作には、**に**を使うのが基本です。\n\n- 私は先生**に**褒められました。\n- 弟（おとうと）は犬**に**かまれました。\n\n:::tip\n能動文の「誰がその動作をしたか」を探し、その人を受身文で「に」にすると、形を整理しやすくなります。\n:::\n\n「愛する・知る・尊敬（そんけい）する」のように、広い範囲（はんい）の人の状態や評価（ひょうか）を表す動詞では、出どころを示して**から**を使うこともあります。「この歌手は多くの人から愛されています」のように言います。「先生から注意（ちゅうい）されました」も、注意を受けた相手を出どころとして示す形です。\n\n### 「に」が動作主か相手か曖昧なとき\n\n「に」は動作主だけでなく、動作が向かう**相手（方向）**も表します。そのため、**送る・渡（わた）す・紹介（しょうかい）する・教える・貸（か）す・見せる**のように相手を「に」でとる動詞の受身は、二通りに読めることがあります。\n\n- 手紙は母に送られました。 → 母が送った（動作主）のか、母あてに届いた（相手）のか分かりません。\n- 田中（たなか）さんは社長（しゃちょう）に紹介されました。 → 社長が紹介したのか、社長に会わせてもらったのか曖昧（あいまい）です。\n\nこの曖昧さを避けたいときは、動作主を**から**または**によって**ではっきりさせます。\n\n- その知らせは本部（ほんぶ）**から**各地（かくち）の店に送られました。（出どころは本部）\n- この商品は開発（かいはつ）チーム**によって**作られ、全国の店に送られました。（改まった説明での動作主）\n\n動作主を「から・によって」で示せば、相手の「に」はそのまま残るので、二つの役割が混ざりません。日常の具体的な行為に「によって」を使うと硬く聞こえるので（三参照）、ふだんの会話では「から」や、文脈から判断できる「に」で十分なこともあります。\n\n## 三　によってを使う場面\n\n**によって**は、作品（さくひん）の作者、発明（はつめい）や発見（はっけん）をした人、制度（せいど）を作った組織（そしき）などを、改まった文で明示（めいじ）するときによく使います。また、原因や手段を示すこともできます。\n\n| 内容 | 直接受身文 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 作者 | この小説（しょうせつ）は夏目漱石（なつめそうせき）**によって**書かれました。 |\n| 発明者 | この装置（そうち）は研究チーム**によって**発明されました。 |\n| 設計者（せっけいしゃ） | この建物は有名な建築家（けんちくか）**によって**設計されました。 |\n| 原因 | 多くの家が台風（たいふう）**によって**壊（こわ）されました。 |\n| 手段 | この報告書はコンピューター**によって**作成されました。 |\n\n:::note\n日常の具体的な行為に「によって」を使うと、必要以上に硬く聞こえます。「私は母によって褒められました」より「私は母に褒められました」が自然です。\n:::\n\n## 四　動作主を言わない受身\n\n動作主が分からない、重要でない、または一般の人々である場合は、省略（しょうりゃく）できます。受身文では、対象そのものを中心に説明できます。\n\n:::example\n- この寺（てら）は五百年前に建てられました。\n- この製品（せいひん）は多くの国で使われています。\n- 会議（かいぎ）の結果は明日発表されます。\n:::\n\n誰が建てたか、使うか、発表するかより、寺・製品・結果について伝えることが大切な文です。\n\n## 五　対象が「を」のまま残る受身\n\nここまでの受身は、動作の対象が主語になる直接受身でした。日本語にはもう一つ、**持ち主を主語にして、物は「を」のまま残す**受身があり、B1ではよく出ます。間接受身（かんせつうけみ）、所有物（しょゆうぶつ）の受身、持ち主の受身などと呼ばれます。\n\n| 形 | 例 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 直接受身 | 本は弟（おとうと）に汚（よご）されました。 |\n| 間接受身（持ち主の受身） | 私は弟に本を汚されました。 |\n\n- 私は先生（せんせい）に名前（なまえ）を呼（よ）ばれました。\n- 私は隣（となり）の人に足（あし）を踏（ふ）まれました。\n- 私は母に日記（にっき）を読まれました。\n\n主語は物の持ち主（私）で、呼ばれた「名前」、汚された「本」、読まれた「日記」は「を」のまま残ります。動作主を「に」で示す点は直接受身と同じです。\n\n:::note\n持ち主の受身は、話し手が困った・迷惑（めいわく）だったという気持ちを表すことが多くあります（弟に本を汚されました）。ただし、必ず迷惑とは限りません。「先生に名前を呼ばれました」は中立的（ちゅうりつてき）な報告です。\n:::\n\n自動詞（じどうし）でも、主語の人がその影響を受けるときにこの形を使います。一で見た「父に死なれた」のほか、「試合当日（しあいとうじつ）に雨（あめ）に降（ふ）られた」がそれで、どちらも直接受身の例にはなりません。\n\n## 六　受身は否定的とは限らない\n\n直接受身は、迷惑（めいわく）や被害（ひがい）だけを表す形式ではありません。評価、発見、利用、正式な手続きなども中立的（ちゅうりつてき）または肯定的（こうていてき）に述べられます。\n\n- 山田（やまだ）さんは会社から高く評価されました。\n- この景色は多くの旅行者によって撮影（さつえい）されてきました。\n- 新しい駅は来年建てられる予定です。\n\n撮影の例は、動作主が不特定多数（ふとくていたすう）で改まった記述なので、二・三の基準に従って「によって」を選びます。日常の会話なら「この景色、みんなに撮（と）られてるよ」のように「に」でも自然です。\n\n:::warning\n受身形だけを見て「困った出来事」と決めないでください。動詞の意味と前後の文脈（ぶんみゃく）から、評価を判断します。\n:::\n\n## 七　まとめ\n\n直接受身文を作るときは、次の順番で考えます。\n\n1. 能動文の対象「を」を見つけます。\n2. その対象を受身文の「は・が」にします。すでに話題になっているものや一般的な説明には「は」、出来事をそのまま報告するときは「が」を使います（昨日、駅で自転車が盗（ぬす）まれました）。\n3. 動作主は、具体的な行為なら「に」、出どころを示すなら「から」、改まった動作主・原因・手段なら「によって」を考えます。\n4. 動作主が不要なら、省略します。\n\n- 直接受身は、対象を文の中心にするための形式です。\n- 対象が「を」のまま残る形（五）は間接受身で、持ち主が主語になります。\n- 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作り方は動詞のグループによって異なります。",[1658,1662,1665],{"id":1659,"title":1660,"order":1245,"type":1661},"01a09a7c-21bb-79b7-b4fb-34fafaed773b","動詞グループ別の受身形","word_select",{"id":1663,"title":1664,"order":11,"type":1661},"01a09a7c-21d3-7aba-a917-798fd36337d0","受身形の活用と意味",{"id":1666,"title":1667,"order":16,"type":1668},"01a09a7c-21e9-7aa9-b8e8-3f67d653710a","受身形の作り方を分類する","word_sort",{"id":575,"contentId":1670,"slug":577,"title":576,"level":452,"summary":1671,"order":16,"exercises":1672},"pg_2cd78316-aa03-445d-a6dd-8e1e8b80ac40","直接受身では、能動文で動作の対象だった人や物を主語・話題にして、出来事をその側から述べます。 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「雨に降られました」「弟にケーキを食べられました」のように、困った気持ちを表すことが多いため、迷惑の受身とも呼ばれます。",[1683,1686],{"id":1684,"title":1685,"order":1245,"type":1661},"01a09a7b-fdb5-7ab0-bde1-6fef59076f9c","影響を受ける人の視点",{"id":1687,"title":1688,"order":11,"type":1661},"01a09a7b-fdcf-7cb4-bc72-d39e216e45bc","持ち物・体と文脈の評価",[1690,1696],{"@id":1691,"@type":1692,"id":1674,"grammarPage":1693,"title":1675,"instructions":1694,"displayOrder":1245,"type":1661,"questionCount":66,"blankCount":66,"isCompleted":1244,"ogImageUrl":1695},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a09a7b-f160-787f-ad55-8728da8a0c6e","GrammarExercise","\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_pages\u002F01a09a7b-e8fc-75ea-8b0a-674c6f5c9cbf","能動文の対象と動作主を見つけ、直接受身や持ち主の受身で文の中心、助詞、受身形を正しく選んでください。","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_44032cab-89bd-4f20-9b7e-38cf03f7e415_hero.webp?v=1789298209",{"@id":1697,"@type":1692,"id":1677,"grammarPage":1693,"title":1678,"instructions":1698,"displayOrder":11,"type":1661,"questionCount":66,"blankCount":66,"isCompleted":1244,"ogImageUrl":1699},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a09a7b-f179-7a0e-a49f-c9ad5d01bb1f","具体的な動作主、改まって示す作者や組織、省略できる動作主を区別して、自然な受身文を選んでください。","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_b5864257-33bc-4b02-9f46-6ec744fb40a0_hero.webp?v=1789298209",{"id":1674,"grammarPage":1693,"title":1675,"instructions":1694,"seoTitle":1701,"seoDescription":1702,"displayOrder":1245,"type":1661,"questions":1703,"ogImageUrl":1695},"直接受身で対象と動作主を切り替える","能動文の対象と動作主を見つけ、対象を主語にした直接受身の文に言い換えます。空欄に合う受身形や助詞を選ぶ穴埋め形式で、文の中心がだれかによって「は」と「に」の位置が変わることを確かめます。作文を先生にほめられる生徒や夜の倉庫で警備員に捕まえられる侵入者など、立場が入れ替わる文を扱います。",[1704],{"id":1705,"sentenceTemplate":1706,"displayOrder":1245,"explanation":1707,"exampleSentence":1708,"blanks":1709},"01a09a7b-f160-7a8f-ad55-8728deb9648f","「先生が生徒をほめました」を、生徒を主語にした直接受身にすると、「生徒は先生に__1__」となります。","Ⅱ類の「ほめる」は、ます形の語幹「ほめ」に「られる」を付けて「ほめられる」にします。元の文が肯定の過去なので「ほめられました」が合います。","選手は監督にほめられました。",[1710],{"id":1711,"blankNumber":11,"options":1712},"01a09a7b-f160-7a47-ad55-8728de414436",[1713,1716,1719,1722],{"id":1714,"optionText":1715,"isCorrect":1263,"displayOrder":1245},"01a09a7b-f160-799f-ad55-8728db579efd","ほめられました",{"id":1717,"optionText":1718,"isCorrect":1244,"displayOrder":11},"01a09a7b-f160-79db-ad55-8728dc4e390f","ほめさせられました",{"id":1720,"optionText":1721,"isCorrect":1244,"displayOrder":16},"01a09a7b-f160-7a07-ad55-8728dd35f96d","ほめませんでした",{"id":1723,"optionText":1724,"isCorrect":1244,"displayOrder":21},"01a09a7b-f160-7a27-ad55-8728dda637fe","ほめました",{"html":1726,"toc":1727},"\u003Cp>**直接受身（ちょくせつうけみ）**では、能動文（のうどうぶん）で動作（どうさ）の対象（たいしょう）だった人や物を主語（しゅご）・話題（わだい）にして、出来事（できごと）をその側から述べます。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>「先生が学生を褒（ほ）めました」なら、「学生は先生に褒められました」と変えられます。褒める対象だった学生が文の中心になります。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">1.\u003C\u002Fspan>一　能動文から変える\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>基本（きほん）は「動作主＋が＋対象＋を＋動詞」から「対象＋は・が＋動作主＋に＋受身形（うけみけい）」への変化です。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>役割（やくわり）\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>能動文\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>直接受身文\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>動作の対象\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>学生\u003Cstrong>を\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>学生\u003Cstrong>は・が\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>動作をする人\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>先生\u003Cstrong>が\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>先生\u003Cstrong>に\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>動詞（どうし）\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>褒めました\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>褒め\u003Cstrong>られました\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>受身形は、動詞のグループによって次のように作ります。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Ⅰ類\u003C\u002Fstrong>は、\u003Cstrong>ない形の語幹＋れる\u003C\u002Fstrong>です。書かない → 書か\u003Cstrong>れる\u003C\u002Fstrong>、読まない → 読ま\u003Cstrong>れる\u003C\u002Fstrong>。「〜う」で終わる動詞は「〜われる」になります（買う → 買わ\u003Cstrong>れる\u003C\u002Fstrong>、言う → 言わ\u003Cstrong>れる\u003C\u002Fstrong>）。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Ⅱ類\u003C\u002Fstrong>は、\u003Cstrong>ます形の語幹＋られる\u003C\u002Fstrong>です。褒めます → 褒め\u003Cstrong>られる\u003C\u002Fstrong>、食べます → 食べ\u003Cstrong>られる\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>する\u003C\u002Fstrong>と**来る（くる）**は決まった形です。する → \u003Cstrong>される\u003C\u002Fstrong>、来る → **来られる（こられる）**になります。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>動詞のグループ\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>受身形\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Ⅰ類（書く・読む）\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>書く → 書かれる、読む → 読まれる\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Ⅰ類（待つ・呼ぶ・話す）\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>待つ → 待たれる、呼ぶ → 呼ばれる、話す → 話される\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Ⅰ類（取る・泳ぐ・死ぬ）\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>取る → 取られる、泳ぐ → 泳がれる、死ぬ → 死なれる\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Ⅰ類（〜う）\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>買う → 買われる、言う → 言われる、使う → 使われる\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Ⅱ類（褒める）\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>褒める → 褒められる\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>する\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>する → される\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>来る（くる）\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>来る → 来られる\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>「死ぬ」は自動詞なので、\u003Cstrong>死なれる\u003C\u002Fstrong>は「父に死なれた」のような間接受身で使い、直接受身の例ではありません。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--warning\">\u003Cp>Ⅱ類の受身形「褒められる」は、可能形（かのうけい）と同じ形です。\u003Cstrong>私は先生に褒められました\u003C\u002Fstrong>は「先生が私を褒めた」という受身ですが、\u003Cstrong>私は人を褒められます\u003C\u002Fstrong>は「人を褒めることができる」という可能の意味です。助詞と文脈で読み分けます。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>警察（けいさつ）が男を捕（つか）まえました。\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>男は警察に捕まえられました。\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>対象の「男」が話題になり、動作主の「警察」は「に」で示されます。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-2\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">2.\u003C\u002Fspan>二　動作主を示す「に・から・によって」\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>受身文で動作主や原因を示すときは、\u003Cstrong>に・から・によって\u003C\u002Fstrong>を使い分けます。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>形\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>使う場面\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>例\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>に\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>人や動物による具体的な動作\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>私は先生\u003Cstrong>に\u003C\u002Fstrong>褒められました。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>から\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>行為や評価の出どころを示す\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>この歌手は多くの人\u003Cstrong>から\u003C\u002Fstrong>愛されています。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>によって\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>改まった文で動作主・原因・手段を示す\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>この小説は夏目漱石\u003Cstrong>によって\u003C\u002Fstrong>書かれました。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>人や動物などが行う具体的な動作には、\u003Cstrong>に\u003C\u002Fstrong>を使うのが基本です。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>私は先生\u003Cstrong>に\u003C\u002Fstrong>褒められました。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>弟（おとうと）は犬\u003Cstrong>に\u003C\u002Fstrong>かまれました。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--tip\">\u003Cp>能動文の「誰がその動作をしたか」を探し、その人を受身文で「に」にすると、形を整理しやすくなります。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>「愛する・知る・尊敬（そんけい）する」のように、広い範囲（はんい）の人の状態や評価（ひょうか）を表す動詞では、出どころを示して\u003Cstrong>から\u003C\u002Fstrong>を使うこともあります。「この歌手は多くの人から愛されています」のように言います。「先生から注意（ちゅうい）されました」も、注意を受けた相手を出どころとして示す形です。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3 id=\"section-3\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">2.1\u003C\u002Fspan>「に」が動作主か相手か曖昧なとき\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>「に」は動作主だけでなく、動作が向かう**相手（方向）**も表します。そのため、\u003Cstrong>送る・渡（わた）す・紹介（しょうかい）する・教える・貸（か）す・見せる\u003C\u002Fstrong>のように相手を「に」でとる動詞の受身は、二通りに読めることがあります。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>手紙は母に送られました。 → 母が送った（動作主）のか、母あてに届いた（相手）のか分かりません。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>田中（たなか）さんは社長（しゃちょう）に紹介されました。 → 社長が紹介したのか、社長に会わせてもらったのか曖昧（あいまい）です。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>この曖昧さを避けたいときは、動作主を\u003Cstrong>から\u003C\u002Fstrong>または\u003Cstrong>によって\u003C\u002Fstrong>ではっきりさせます。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>その知らせは本部（ほんぶ）\u003Cstrong>から\u003C\u002Fstrong>各地（かくち）の店に送られました。（出どころは本部）\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>この商品は開発（かいはつ）チーム\u003Cstrong>によって\u003C\u002Fstrong>作られ、全国の店に送られました。（改まった説明での動作主）\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>動作主を「から・によって」で示せば、相手の「に」はそのまま残るので、二つの役割が混ざりません。日常の具体的な行為に「によって」を使うと硬く聞こえるので（三参照）、ふだんの会話では「から」や、文脈から判断できる「に」で十分なこともあります。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-4\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">3.\u003C\u002Fspan>三　によってを使う場面\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>によって\u003C\u002Fstrong>は、作品（さくひん）の作者、発明（はつめい）や発見（はっけん）をした人、制度（せいど）を作った組織（そしき）などを、改まった文で明示（めいじ）するときによく使います。また、原因や手段を示すこともできます。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>内容\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>直接受身文\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>作者\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>この小説（しょうせつ）は夏目漱石（なつめそうせき）\u003Cstrong>によって\u003C\u002Fstrong>書かれました。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>発明者\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>この装置（そうち）は研究チーム\u003Cstrong>によって\u003C\u002Fstrong>発明されました。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>設計者（せっけいしゃ）\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>この建物は有名な建築家（けんちくか）\u003Cstrong>によって\u003C\u002Fstrong>設計されました。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>原因\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>多くの家が台風（たいふう）\u003Cstrong>によって\u003C\u002Fstrong>壊（こわ）されました。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>手段\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>この報告書はコンピューター\u003Cstrong>によって\u003C\u002Fstrong>作成されました。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--note\">\u003Cp>日常の具体的な行為に「によって」を使うと、必要以上に硬く聞こえます。「私は母によって褒められました」より「私は母に褒められました」が自然です。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-5\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">4.\u003C\u002Fspan>四　動作主を言わない受身\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>動作主が分からない、重要でない、または一般の人々である場合は、省略（しょうりゃく）できます。受身文では、対象そのものを中心に説明できます。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>この寺（てら）は五百年前に建てられました。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>この製品（せいひん）は多くの国で使われています。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>会議（かいぎ）の結果は明日発表されます。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>誰が建てたか、使うか、発表するかより、寺・製品・結果について伝えることが大切な文です。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-6\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">5.\u003C\u002Fspan>五　対象が「を」のまま残る受身\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>ここまでの受身は、動作の対象が主語になる直接受身でした。日本語にはもう一つ、\u003Cstrong>持ち主を主語にして、物は「を」のまま残す\u003C\u002Fstrong>受身があり、B1ではよく出ます。間接受身（かんせつうけみ）、所有物（しょゆうぶつ）の受身、持ち主の受身などと呼ばれます。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>形\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>例\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>直接受身\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>本は弟（おとうと）に汚（よご）されました。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>間接受身（持ち主の受身）\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>私は弟に本を汚されました。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>私は先生（せんせい）に名前（なまえ）を呼（よ）ばれました。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>私は隣（となり）の人に足（あし）を踏（ふ）まれました。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>私は母に日記（にっき）を読まれました。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>主語は物の持ち主（私）で、呼ばれた「名前」、汚された「本」、読まれた「日記」は「を」のまま残ります。動作主を「に」で示す点は直接受身と同じです。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--note\">\u003Cp>持ち主の受身は、話し手が困った・迷惑（めいわく）だったという気持ちを表すことが多くあります（弟に本を汚されました）。ただし、必ず迷惑とは限りません。「先生に名前を呼ばれました」は中立的（ちゅうりつてき）な報告です。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>自動詞（じどうし）でも、主語の人がその影響を受けるときにこの形を使います。一で見た「父に死なれた」のほか、「試合当日（しあいとうじつ）に雨（あめ）に降（ふ）られた」がそれで、どちらも直接受身の例にはなりません。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-7\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">6.\u003C\u002Fspan>六　受身は否定的とは限らない\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>直接受身は、迷惑（めいわく）や被害（ひがい）だけを表す形式ではありません。評価、発見、利用、正式な手続きなども中立的（ちゅうりつてき）または肯定的（こうていてき）に述べられます。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>山田（やまだ）さんは会社から高く評価されました。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>この景色は多くの旅行者によって撮影（さつえい）されてきました。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>新しい駅は来年建てられる予定です。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>撮影の例は、動作主が不特定多数（ふとくていたすう）で改まった記述なので、二・三の基準に従って「によって」を選びます。日常の会話なら「この景色、みんなに撮（と）られてるよ」のように「に」でも自然です。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--warning\">\u003Cp>受身形だけを見て「困った出来事」と決めないでください。動詞の意味と前後の文脈（ぶんみゃく）から、評価を判断します。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-8\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">7.\u003C\u002Fspan>七　まとめ\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>直接受身文を作るときは、次の順番で考えます。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Col>\n\u003Cli>能動文の対象「を」を見つけます。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>その対象を受身文の「は・が」にします。すでに話題になっているものや一般的な説明には「は」、出来事をそのまま報告するときは「が」を使います（昨日、駅で自転車が盗（ぬす）まれました）。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>動作主は、具体的な行為なら「に」、出どころを示すなら「から」、改まった動作主・原因・手段なら「によって」を考えます。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>動作主が不要なら、省略します。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Fol>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>直接受身は、対象を文の中心にするための形式です。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>対象が「を」のまま残る形（五）は間接受身で、持ち主が主語になります。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>肯定的、中立的、否定的な出来事のどれにも使えます。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n",[1728,1732,1736,1740,1744,1748,1752,1756],{"id":1729,"text":1730,"depth":16,"number":1731},"section","一　能動文から変える","1",{"id":1733,"text":1734,"depth":16,"number":1735},"section-2","二　動作主を示す「に・から・によって」","2",{"id":1737,"text":1738,"depth":21,"number":1739},"section-3","「に」が動作主か相手か曖昧なとき","2.1",{"id":1741,"text":1742,"depth":16,"number":1743},"section-4","三　によってを使う場面","3",{"id":1745,"text":1746,"depth":16,"number":1747},"section-5","四　動作主を言わない受身","4",{"id":1749,"text":1750,"depth":16,"number":1751},"section-6","五　対象が「を」のまま残る受身","5",{"id":1753,"text":1754,"depth":16,"number":1755},"section-7","六　受身は否定的とは限らない","6",{"id":1757,"text":1758,"depth":16,"number":1759},"section-8","七　まとめ","7"]