[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"grammar-page-ja-chokusetsu-ukemi-to-dousashu":3,"grammar-exercises-by-page-01a09a7b-e8fc-75ea-8b0a-674c6f5c9cbf":463,"exercise-list-path-ja-none":479},{"id":4,"title":5,"slug":6,"seoDescription":7,"content":8,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":11,"grammarTopics":12,"createdAt":19,"updatedAt":20,"vocabularyLists":21,"primaryTopicHub":460,"readyImages":462},"01a09a7b-e8fc-75ea-8b0a-674c6f5c9cbf","直接受身と動作主","chokusetsu-ukemi-to-dousashu","直接受身を使い、能動文の目的語を主語・話題にして、動作を受ける側から出来事を述べます。対象のををが・はへ、動作主のがをにへ変える基本、動作主を省く場面、人の具体的な行為に使うにと、作者・発明者などを改まって示すによっての違いを例で確認し、否定的とは限らない受身文を正確に作れます。","**直接受身（ちょくせつうけみ）**では、能動文（のうどうぶん）で動作（どうさ）の対象（たいしょう）だった人や物を主語（しゅご）・話題（わだい）にして、出来事（できごと）をその側から述べます。\n\n「先生が学生を褒（ほ）めました」なら、「学生は先生に褒められました」と変えられます。褒める対象だった学生が文の中心になります。\n\n## 一　能動文から変える\n\n基本（きほん）は「動作主＋が＋対象＋を＋動詞」から「対象＋は・が＋動作主＋に＋受身形（うけみけい）」への変化です。\n\n| 役割（やくわり） | 能動文 | 直接受身文 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 動作の対象 | 学生**を** | 学生**は・が** |\n| 動作をする人 | 先生**が** | 先生**に** |\n| 動詞（どうし） | 褒めました | 褒め**られました** |\n\n受身形は、動詞のグループによって次のように作ります。\n\n- **Ⅰ類**は、**ない形の語幹＋れる**です。書かない → 書か**れる**、読まない → 読ま**れる**。「〜う」で終わる動詞は「〜われる」になります（買う → 買わ**れる**、言う → 言わ**れる**）。\n- **Ⅱ類**は、**ます形の語幹＋られる**です。褒めます → 褒め**られる**、食べます → 食べ**られる**。\n- **する**と**来る（くる）**は決まった形です。する → **される**、来る → **来られる（こられる）**になります。\n\n| 動詞のグループ | 受身形 |\n| --- | --- |\n| Ⅰ類（書く・読む） | 書く → 書かれる、読む → 読まれる |\n| Ⅰ類（待つ・呼ぶ・話す） | 待つ → 待たれる、呼ぶ → 呼ばれる、話す → 話される |\n| Ⅰ類（取る・泳ぐ・死ぬ） | 取る → 取られる、泳ぐ → 泳がれる、死ぬ → 死なれる |\n| Ⅰ類（〜う） | 買う → 買われる、言う → 言われる、使う → 使われる |\n| Ⅱ類（褒める） | 褒める → 褒められる |\n| する | する → される |\n| 来る（くる） | 来る → 来られる |\n\n「死ぬ」は自動詞なので、**死なれる**は「父に死なれた」のような間接受身で使い、直接受身の例ではありません。\n\n:::warning\nⅡ類の受身形「褒められる」は、可能形（かのうけい）と同じ形です。**私は先生に褒められました**は「先生が私を褒めた」という受身ですが、**私は人を褒められます**は「人を褒めることができる」という可能の意味です。助詞と文脈で読み分けます。\n:::\n\n:::example\n**警察（けいさつ）が男を捕（つか）まえました。**\n\n**男は警察に捕まえられました。**\n\n対象の「男」が話題になり、動作主の「警察」は「に」で示されます。\n:::\n\n## 二　動作主を示す「に・から・によって」\n\n受身文で動作主や原因を示すときは、**に・から・によって**を使い分けます。\n\n| 形 | 使う場面 | 例 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| に | 人や動物による具体的な動作 | 私は先生**に**褒められました。 |\n| から | 行為や評価の出どころを示す | この歌手は多くの人**から**愛されています。 |\n| によって | 改まった文で動作主・原因・手段を示す | この小説は夏目漱石**によって**書かれました。 |\n\n人や動物などが行う具体的な動作には、**に**を使うのが基本です。\n\n- 私は先生**に**褒められました。\n- 弟（おとうと）は犬**に**かまれました。\n\n:::tip\n能動文の「誰がその動作をしたか」を探し、その人を受身文で「に」にすると、形を整理しやすくなります。\n:::\n\n「愛する・知る・尊敬（そんけい）する」のように、広い範囲（はんい）の人の状態や評価（ひょうか）を表す動詞では、出どころを示して**から**を使うこともあります。「この歌手は多くの人から愛されています」のように言います。「先生から注意（ちゅうい）されました」も、注意を受けた相手を出どころとして示す形です。\n\n### 「に」が動作主か相手か曖昧なとき\n\n「に」は動作主だけでなく、動作が向かう**相手（方向）**も表します。そのため、**送る・渡（わた）す・紹介（しょうかい）する・教える・貸（か）す・見せる**のように相手を「に」でとる動詞の受身は、二通りに読めることがあります。\n\n- 手紙は母に送られました。 → 母が送った（動作主）のか、母あてに届いた（相手）のか分かりません。\n- 田中（たなか）さんは社長（しゃちょう）に紹介されました。 → 社長が紹介したのか、社長に会わせてもらったのか曖昧（あいまい）です。\n\nこの曖昧さを避けたいときは、動作主を**から**または**によって**ではっきりさせます。\n\n- その知らせは本部（ほんぶ）**から**各地（かくち）の店に送られました。（出どころは本部）\n- この商品は開発（かいはつ）チーム**によって**作られ、全国の店に送られました。（改まった説明での動作主）\n\n動作主を「から・によって」で示せば、相手の「に」はそのまま残るので、二つの役割が混ざりません。日常の具体的な行為に「によって」を使うと硬く聞こえるので（三参照）、ふだんの会話では「から」や、文脈から判断できる「に」で十分なこともあります。\n\n## 三　によってを使う場面\n\n**によって**は、作品（さくひん）の作者、発明（はつめい）や発見（はっけん）をした人、制度（せいど）を作った組織（そしき）などを、改まった文で明示（めいじ）するときによく使います。また、原因や手段を示すこともできます。\n\n| 内容 | 直接受身文 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 作者 | この小説（しょうせつ）は夏目漱石（なつめそうせき）**によって**書かれました。 |\n| 発明者 | この装置（そうち）は研究チーム**によって**発明されました。 |\n| 設計者（せっけいしゃ） | この建物は有名な建築家（けんちくか）**によって**設計されました。 |\n| 原因 | 多くの家が台風（たいふう）**によって**壊（こわ）されました。 |\n| 手段 | この報告書はコンピューター**によって**作成されました。 |\n\n:::note\n日常の具体的な行為に「によって」を使うと、必要以上に硬く聞こえます。「私は母によって褒められました」より「私は母に褒められました」が自然です。\n:::\n\n## 四　動作主を言わない受身\n\n動作主が分からない、重要でない、または一般の人々である場合は、省略（しょうりゃく）できます。受身文では、対象そのものを中心に説明できます。\n\n:::example\n- この寺（てら）は五百年前に建てられました。\n- この製品（せいひん）は多くの国で使われています。\n- 会議（かいぎ）の結果は明日発表されます。\n:::\n\n誰が建てたか、使うか、発表するかより、寺・製品・結果について伝えることが大切な文です。\n\n## 五　対象が「を」のまま残る受身\n\nここまでの受身は、動作の対象が主語になる直接受身でした。日本語にはもう一つ、**持ち主を主語にして、物は「を」のまま残す**受身があり、B1ではよく出ます。間接受身（かんせつうけみ）、所有物（しょゆうぶつ）の受身、持ち主の受身などと呼ばれます。\n\n| 形 | 例 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 直接受身 | 本は弟（おとうと）に汚（よご）されました。 |\n| 間接受身（持ち主の受身） | 私は弟に本を汚されました。 |\n\n- 私は先生（せんせい）に名前（なまえ）を呼（よ）ばれました。\n- 私は隣（となり）の人に足（あし）を踏（ふ）まれました。\n- 私は母に日記（にっき）を読まれました。\n\n主語は物の持ち主（私）で、呼ばれた「名前」、汚された「本」、読まれた「日記」は「を」のまま残ります。動作主を「に」で示す点は直接受身と同じです。\n\n:::note\n持ち主の受身は、話し手が困った・迷惑（めいわく）だったという気持ちを表すことが多くあります（弟に本を汚されました）。ただし、必ず迷惑とは限りません。「先生に名前を呼ばれました」は中立的（ちゅうりつてき）な報告です。\n:::\n\n自動詞（じどうし）でも、主語の人がその影響を受けるときにこの形を使います。一で見た「父に死なれた」のほか、「試合当日（しあいとうじつ）に雨（あめ）に降（ふ）られた」がそれで、どちらも直接受身の例にはなりません。\n\n## 六　受身は否定的とは限らない\n\n直接受身は、迷惑（めいわく）や被害（ひがい）だけを表す形式ではありません。評価、発見、利用、正式な手続きなども中立的（ちゅうりつてき）または肯定的（こうていてき）に述べられます。\n\n- 山田（やまだ）さんは会社から高く評価されました。\n- この景色は多くの旅行者によって撮影（さつえい）されてきました。\n- 新しい駅は来年建てられる予定です。\n\n撮影の例は、動作主が不特定多数（ふとくていたすう）で改まった記述なので、二・三の基準に従って「によって」を選びます。日常の会話なら「この景色、みんなに撮（と）られてるよ」のように「に」でも自然です。\n\n:::warning\n受身形だけを見て「困った出来事」と決めないでください。動詞の意味と前後の文脈（ぶんみゃく）から、評価を判断します。\n:::\n\n## 七　まとめ\n\n直接受身文を作るときは、次の順番で考えます。\n\n1. 能動文の対象「を」を見つけます。\n2. その対象を受身文の「は・が」にします。すでに話題になっているものや一般的な説明には「は」、出来事をそのまま報告するときは「が」を使います（昨日、駅で自転車が盗（ぬす）まれました）。\n3. 動作主は、具体的な行為なら「に」、出どころを示すなら「から」、改まった動作主・原因・手段なら「によって」を考えます。\n4. 動作主が不要なら、省略します。\n\n- 直接受身は、対象を文の中心にするための形式です。\n- 対象が「を」のまま残る形（五）は間接受身で、持ち主が主語になります。\n- 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