[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"grammar-page-ja-jidoushi-tadoushi-no-tsui-o-seiri-suru":3,"grammar-exercises-by-page-01a09a7b-e9c9-798d-bd35-5f497bd0b021":272,"exercise-list-path-ja-none":295},{"id":4,"title":5,"slug":6,"seoDescription":7,"content":8,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":11,"grammarTopics":12,"createdAt":19,"updatedAt":20,"vocabularyLists":21,"readyImages":271},"01a09a7b-e9c9-798d-bd35-5f497bd0b021","自動詞・他動詞の対を整理する","jidoushi-tadoushi-no-tsui-o-seiri-suru","自動詞と他動詞の対を、自然に起こる変化と、誰かが物に働きかける動作の違いから整理します。ドアが開く・ドアを開ける、電気が消える・電気を消すなどを助詞とともに比べます。語尾にはよく見られる傾向があっても確実な規則ではないことを確認し、意味、助詞、対になる動詞を一組で覚えて正しく使えるようになります。","**自動詞（じどうし）**は物や状態の変化を中心に表し、**他動詞（たどうし）**は人が物に働きかける動作を中心に表します。\n\n**ドアが開（あ）きます**と**店員（てんいん）がドアを開けます**のように、対（つい）で覚（おぼ）えると助詞（じょし）も選（えら）びやすくなります。\n\n## 変化と働きかけ\n\n| 種類（しゅるい） | 中心になるもの | 基本の形 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 自動詞 | 変化する物・人 | 名詞（めいし）**が**自動詞 |\n| 他動詞 | 動作する人と対象（たいしょう） | 人**が**名詞**を**他動詞 |\n\n:::example\n- 窓（まど）**が**閉（し）まりました。\n- 私**が**窓**を**閉めました。\n- 電気（でんき）**が**つきました。\n- 父**が**電気**を**つけました。\n:::\n\n自動詞の文は、原因や動作主を必ずしも言いません。他動詞の文は、誰が何を変えたかを示せます。\n\n## よく使う動詞の対\n\n| 自動詞 | 他動詞 | 変化するもの |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 開く | 開ける | ドア、窓 |\n| 閉まる | 閉める | ドア、店（みせ） |\n| つく | つける | 電気、火（ひ） |\n| 消（き）える | 消（け）す | 電気、火 |\n| 始（はじ）まる | 始める | 会議（かいぎ）、授業（じゅぎょう） |\n| 壊（こわ）れる | 壊す | 機械（きかい）、時計（とけい） |\n| 落（お）ちる | 落とす | 財布（さいふ）、鍵（かぎ） |\n| 入（はい）る | 入れる | 荷物（にもつ）、水（みず） |\n| 見つかる | 見つける | 鍵、答え |\n| 集まる | 集める | 人、資料 |\n| 決まる | 決める | 予定、方針 |\n\n:::tip\n単語帳（たんごちょう）には、**開く・開ける**のように対で書き、それぞれに「が」と「を」を付（つ）けた短い文も残（のこ）しましょう。\n:::\n\n## 助詞で視点を示す\n\n自動詞では変化するものに「が」、他動詞では働きかけを受（う）けるものに「を」を使（つか）います。\n\n| 見たいこと | 文（ぶん） |\n| --- | --- |\n| コップの変化 | コップ**が**割（わ）れました。 |\n| 人の働きかけ | 子（こ）ども**が**コップ**を**割りました。 |\n| 会議の開始（かいし） | 会議**が**始まりました。 |\n| 主催者（しゅさいしゃ）の動作 | 司会者（しかいしゃ）**が**会議**を**始めました。 |\n\n:::warning\n自動詞に目的語（もくてきご）の「を」を付けたり、他動詞の対象に「が」を機械的（きかいてき）に付けたりしません。動詞の意味と文の視点（してん）を確認（かくにん）します。\n\nただし、「家を出る」「道を歩く」「公園を通る」の「を」は目的語ではなく、出発点や通る場所を示します。目的語の「を」と区別します。\n:::\n\n## 語尾は手がかりだけ\n\n「まる」と「める」、「える」と「す」など、対になりやすい形はありますが、すべての動詞に使える規則（きそく）ではありません。\n\n- 始**まる**・始**める**\n- 決（き）**まる**・決**める**\n- 消**える**・消**す**\n- 落ちる・落とす\n\n:::note\n語尾（ごび）だけから自動詞か他動詞かを断定（だんてい）しないでください。**開く・開ける**のように、意味、助詞、対の動詞を一組（ひとく）みで確認するのが安全（あんぜん）です。\n:::\n\n## 「ています」で結果を見る\n\n自動詞の「ています」は、変化したあとの状態を表すことがあります。他動詞の「ています」は、人が今行っている動作を表すことがあります。\n\n:::example\n- ドアが**開いています**。〔開いた状態です〕\n- 店員がドアを**開けています**。〔開ける動作の途中（とちゅう）です〕\n- 電気が**消えています**。〔消えた状態です〕\n- 店員が電気を**消しています**。〔消す動作の途中です〕\n:::\n\n形（かたち）が似（に）ていても、動詞の種類と助詞が意味を支（ささ）えます。\n\n| 形 | 文 | 主な意味 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 自動詞＋ている | ドアが開いています。 | 開いた結果の状態 |\n| 他動詞＋てある | ドアが開けてあります。 | 誰かが開けた結果の状態 |\n| 他動詞＋ている | 店員がドアを開けています。 | 店員が今している動作 |\n\n準備のために行う動作は、**ておく**も使えます。**店員が開店前にドアを開けておきます**は、後で必要になるように前もって開けるという意味です。\n\n## 対にならない動詞にも注意する\n\n自動詞・他動詞の全てが対になるわけではありません。**雨が降る**は自動詞、**本を買う**は他動詞ですが、この二語にはここで扱う対応する対がありません。語尾だけで相手の動詞を作らず、一語ずつ使い方を確かめます。\n\n## 対を選ぶ手順\n\n1. 物の変化を中心に言うか、人の働きかけを中心に言うか決（き）めます。\n2. 変化なら自動詞を選び、変化するものに「が」を付けます。\n3. 働きかけなら他動詞を選び、対象に「を」を付けます。\n4. 語尾だけで決めず、辞書（じしょ）で対を確認します。\n\n| 確認すること | 誤り | 訂正 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 変化か働きかけか | × 窓を開きました。 | ○ 窓が開きました。 |\n| 自動詞の助詞 | × 会議を始まりました。 | ○ 会議が始まりました。 |\n| 他動詞の助詞 | × 店員がドアが開けました。 | ○ 店員がドアを開けました。 |\n| 対を確認する | × 鍵が見つけました。 | ○ 鍵が見つかりました。 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