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| 始（はじ）まる | 会議**が**始まります。 |\n\n:::example\n**風で窓（まど）が開きました。**\n\n窓の変化を述べています。窓が自分の意志で動いた、という意味ではありません。\n:::\n\n## 二　働きかけを表す他動詞\n\n他動詞では、動作をする人を「は」や「が」で、動作の対象（たいしょう）を**を**で示します。\n\n| 動作をする人 | 対象 | 他動詞を使った文 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 店員 | ドア | 店員**が**ドア**を**開けます。 |\n| 私 | 電気 | 私**は**電気**を**消しました。 |\n| 先生 | 会議 | 先生**が**会議**を**始めます。 |\n\n:::tip\nまず「何が変化するか」と「誰が何に働きかけるか」を考えます。変化するもの＋「が」なら自動詞、対象＋「を」なら他動詞を選びやすくなります。\n:::\n\n## 三　対になる文を比べる\n\n同じ出来事（できごと）でも、注目するところによって文が変わります。\n\n:::example\n- ドア**が閉（し）まりました**。――閉まったという結果を伝えます。\n- 山田（やまだ）さん**が**ドア**を閉めました**。――山田さんの動作を伝えます。\n- 授業（じゅぎょう）**が終わりました**。――授業の変化に注目します。\n- 先生**が**授業**を終（お）えました**。――先生の働きかけに注目します。\n:::\n\n自動詞の文でも、原因（げんいん）を「風で」「事故（じこ）で」のように示せます。しかし、動作の対象を「を」で取りません。\n\n:::note\n自動詞にも、目的語（もくてきご）ではない「を」があります。**家を出ます**の「を」は出発点（しゅっぱつてん）、**道を歩きます**の「を」は通る場所を示します。動作の対象を「を」で取る他動詞とは区別します。\n:::\n\n## 四　「は」と「が」を選ぶ\n\n自動詞の変化するものは「が」で示すのが基本（きほん）ですが、すでに話題（わだい）になっているものは「は」にできます。\n\n- 窓**が**開いています。――初めて窓の状態を伝えます。\n- その窓**は**開いています。――すでに話している窓について説明します。\n\n自動詞の「〜ています」は、変化が終わった後の状態を表すことがあります。「窓が開いています」は、窓が今、開いた状態だという意味です。\n\n他動詞では、動作をする人も話題なら「は」、新しい情報（じょうほう）や強調（きょうちょう）なら「が」を使えます。対象の「を」はそのままです。\n\n## 五　形だけで決めない\n\n自動詞と他動詞には「開く・開ける」のような対がありますが、語尾（ごび）だけで種類を決める完全な規則はありません。\n\n| 自動詞 | 自動詞の文 | 他動詞 | 他動詞の文 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 入る | 子どもが部屋に入ります。 | 入れる | 母が箱に本を入れます。 |\n| 出る | 猫が外に出ます。 | 出す | 父がごみを外に出します。 |\n| 壊（こわ）れる | 時計が壊れました。 | 壊す | 弟が時計を壊しました。 |\n| つく | 電気がつきます。 | つける | 母が電気をつけます。 |\n| 決（き）まる | 計画が決まりました。 | 決める | 委員会が計画を決めました。 |\n| 見つかる | かぎが見つかりました。 | 見つける | 私がかぎを見つけました。 |\n\n:::warning\n似た形を見ても、自動詞か他動詞かを推測（すいそく）だけで決めないでください。動詞を覚えるときは、助詞と短い文も一緒に覚えましょう。\n:::\n\n## 六　まとめ\n\n- **自動詞**は物や状態の変化に注目し、変化するものを「が」で示します。\n- **他動詞**は人などの働きかけに注目し、対象を「を」で示します。\n- 「窓が開く」と「人が窓を開ける」のように、対で比べると分かりやすくなります。\n- 自動詞は「何も原因がない」という意味ではありません。\n- 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