[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"grammar-page-ja-ni-to-de-no-basho-hyougen":3,"grammar-exercises-by-page-01a09a7b-ebcf-7069-b3f3-2a2d13ef515b":370,"exercise-list-path-ja-none":386},{"id":4,"title":5,"slug":6,"seoDescription":7,"content":8,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":11,"grammarTopics":12,"createdAt":19,"updatedAt":20,"vocabularyLists":21,"primaryTopicHub":367,"readyImages":369},"01a09a7b-ebcf-7069-b3f3-2a2d13ef515b","にとでの場所表現","ni-to-de-no-basho-hyougen","場所を示す助詞「に」と「で」を、存在や状態の場所、動作が行われる場所、手段という役割に分けて学びます。「公園に子どもがいます」と「公園で子どもが遊びます」を比べ、住む・座るなどで使う「に」、交通手段や道具を示す「で」も確認します。動詞が表す出来事に注目し、場所と手段を正確に選べるようになります。","助詞の**に**と**で**は、どちらも場所と関係しますが、述語（じゅつご）が表す意味によって役割が違います。**に**は存在・状態・到達先、**で**は動作や出来事が行われる場所を示すのが基本です。\n\n## 存在の場所は「に」\n\n人や物がどこに存在するかを言うときは、**場所＋に＋います・あります**を使います。\n\n| 存在するもの | 文 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 人・動物 | 教室に先生が**います**。 |\n| 物 | 机の上に鍵（かぎ）が**あります**。 |\n| 建物（たてもの）・施設（しせつ） | 駅前（えきまえ）に銀行（ぎんこう）が**あります**。 |\n\n「は」と組み合わせると、場所を比べられます。**この店には**外国語の本が多くありますが、**この店では**週末に読書会が開かれます。前者は本の存在、後者は読書会という出来事に注目しています。\n\n:::example\n**質問：**猫はどこにいますか。\n\n**答え：**庭にいます。\n:::\n\n## 動作の場所は「で」\n\nある場所で、人が何かをしたり出来事が起こったりするときは、**場所＋で＋動詞（どうし）**を使います。\n\n| 場所 | 動作 | 文 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 図書館（としょかん） | 資料を調べる | 図書館で資料を調べます。 |\n| 台所（だいどころ） | 料理する | 台所で夕食を作ります。 |\n| 公園 | 遊ぶ | 公園で子どもが遊んでいます。 |\n\n- 会議は三階（さんがい）の部屋で行（おこな）われます。\n- 駅で事故（じこ）がありました。\n- 体育館（たいいくかん）で試合（しあい）が行われます。\n\n:::note\n「会議があります」の「あります」は存在ではなく、出来事が開（ひら）かれる意味なので、場所には「で」を使います。\n:::\n\n## 同じ場所で比べる\n\n同じ名詞（めいし）のあとでも、述語が存在か動作かで助詞が変わります。\n\n| 「に」 | 「で」 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 公園**に**子どもがいます。 | 公園**で**子どもが遊んでいます。 |\n| 店**に**客がいます。 | 店**で**客が食べています。 |\n| 海**に**船があります。 | 海**で**船が漁（りょう）をしています。 |\n\n:::warning\n場所の名詞だけを見て助詞を決めません。後ろの述語が「存在・状態」か「動作・出来事」かを確認（かくにん）します。\n:::\n\n## 動詞ごとに決まる「に」と「で」\n\n「に」は、住む、泊まる、座るのように、いる場所・落ち着く位置・到達先を表す動詞で使います。**大阪に住んでいます**、**旅館に泊まります**、**椅子に座ります**のように、活動の舞台（ぶたい）よりも位置や行き先に注目します。一方、**暮らす**は生活という活動を表すため、**東京で暮らしています**のように「で」を使います。\n\n同じ場所の名詞でも、動詞によって助詞が決まります。\n\n| 動詞 | 助詞 | 例 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 勤めます | に | 会社に勤めています。 |\n| 働きます | で | 会社で働いています。 |\n| 通います | に | 学校に通っています。 |\n| 着きます | に | 駅に着きます。 |\n| 降ります | で | 駅で降ります。 |\n\n**会社に勤めています**は、所属（しょぞく）する場所を示します。**会社で働いています**は、働く舞台を示します。**駅に着きます**は到達点、**駅で降ります**は降りるという動作の場所です。\n\n### 着点と複文\n\n「に」は動作の着点（ちゃくてん）にも使います。**紙に書きます**、**机に置きます**、**壁に貼ります**では、動作の結果が届く場所を示します。複文では、到達先の「に」と出来事の場所の「で」を一緒に使えます。たとえば、**会場に着いてから、受付で参加者名簿を確認しました**では、会場は到達先、受付は確認という動作の場所です。\n\n### 「集まる」と出来事の場所\n\n**集まる**は、集まる先を示す**に**が基本です。**六時にホールに集まります**のように言います。一方、**駅で集会をする**の「で」は、集会をする出来事の場所です。\n\n### 状態・受身・使役\n\n状態や、受身（うけみ）・使役（しえき）の文でも同じです。**壁に絵が貼ってあります**は状態の位置、**壁に絵が貼られました**は貼られる着点です。一方、**体育館で試合が行われます**は受身文でも出来事の場所です。**先生が教室で学生を座らせます**では、使役の動作の舞台を「で」で示します。\n\n| 「に」 | 「で」 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 棚に本が置いてあります。 | 棚で本を探します。 |\n| 会場に集まります。 | 会場で会議が開かれます。 |\n\n## 場所以外の「で」\n\n「で」は場所だけでなく、動作に使う手段（しゅだん）、道具（どうぐ）、言語（げんご）、材料（ざいりょう）を示します。また、範囲・人数・原因を表すこともあります。\n\n| 種類（しゅるい） | 例 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 交通手段（こうつうしゅだん） | 電車で会社へ行きます。 |\n| 道具 | 箸（はし）でご飯を食べます。 |\n| 言語 | 日本語で説明（せつめい）します。 |\n| 材料（ざいりょう） | 木で机を作ります。 |\n| 範囲・限定 | 日本で一番高い山です。 |\n| 人数 | 三人で行きます。 |\n| 原因 | 風邪で休みます。 |\n\n:::tip\n「どこで」なら動作の場所、「何で」なら手段を尋ねていることが多いです。\n:::\n\n「バスに乗ります」は、乗る乗り物を「に」で示す形です。一方、**バスで駅へ行きます**の「で」は交通手段です。\n\n## 書き言葉の場所表現\n\n**〜の中で**は、グループ・期間・内容などの範囲（はんい）の内側を示します。比べたり選んだりするときに使うほか、書き言葉では、ある活動や内容の範囲を示すこともあります。\n\n- この三つの中で、これが一番便利です。\n- この研究の中で得られた結果を、次に説明します。\n\n**〜において**は、場所を表す**で**に近い硬い書き言葉です。会場のような場所だけでなく、研究や制度などの場面・範囲にも使えます。\n\n| 書き言葉 | 会話に近い形 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 会場において式典（しきてん）が行われました。 | 会場で式典が行われました。 |\n| 本研究において重要な結果が得られました。 | この研究で重要な結果が得られました。 |\n\n案内状や式次第などの改まった文では、**〜にて**も場所を表す「で」に近い形です。**市民会館にて説明会を開催（かいさい）します**は、**市民会館で説明会を開きます**よりも改まった言い方です。\n\n## 選び方を確認する\n\n1. 後ろの述語を確認します。\n2. 人や物の存在、落ち着く位置なら「に」を選びます。\n3. 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