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電気が消（き）えました。 | 電気**が消えています**。 | 今、消えた状態です。 |\n| いすが並（なら）びました。 | いす**が並んでいます**。 | 今、並んだ状態です。 |\n\n:::example\n**部屋に入ると、窓が開いていました。**\n\n窓が開いた状態だったことを述べています。誰が開けたか、または意図があったかは示していません。\n:::\n\n## 二　他動詞のテある\n\n他動詞（たどうし）のテ形＋**ある**は、誰かが目的をもって行った動作（どうさ）の結果が残っていることを表します。行為者（こういしゃ）は普通、表に出しません。\n\n| 誰かの動作 | 残っている状態 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 誰かが窓を開けました。 | 窓**が開けてあります**。 |\n| 誰かが名前を書きました。 | 紙に名前**が書いてあります**。 |\n| 誰かが料理（りょうり）を用意しました。 | 料理**が用意してあります**。 |\n\n:::tip\nテあるでは、元の他動詞の「を」が「が」や「は」になるのが基本（きほん）です。「誰かが何をしたか」より、「何が準備された状態か」を中心にします。\n:::\n\n## 三　同じ場面を比べる\n\n自動詞のテいると他動詞のテあるを比べると、意図（いと）の違いが見えます。\n\n:::example\n- 会議室（かいぎしつ）のドア**が閉（し）まっています**。――閉まった状態です。\n- 会議中なので、ドア**が閉めてあります**。――誰かが会議のために閉め、その状態を保っています。\n- 電気**が付（つ）いています**。――明るい状態です。\n- お客様（きゃくさま）のために、電気**が付けてあります**。――誰かが準備として付けました。\n:::\n\nテあるでは、意図した人が分からなくてもかまいません。必要なのは、その状態が偶然（ぐうぜん）ではなく、目的のある働きかけの結果だという見方です。\n\n## 四　他動詞のテいるとの違い\n\n他動詞＋テいるは、動作の進行（しんこう）、習慣（しゅうかん）、または人が保っている状態を表せます。主語（しゅご）は行動する人です。\n\n| 文 | 中心になる視点 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 店員（てんいん）が窓を開けています。 | 店員の動作、または店員が開けた状態を保つこと |\n| 窓が開けてあります。 | 準備された窓の状態 |\n\n- 母（はは）が料理を作っています。――料理中の動作です。\n- 料理が作ってあります。――食べられるように準備済（じゅんびず）みです。\n\n:::note\n他動詞のテいるは文脈（ぶんみゃく）によって進行と状態の両方に読めます。テあるは、意図的な行動の結果が残る点をはっきり示します。\n:::\n\n## 五　はで話題や対比を示す\n\n状態の対象（たいしょう）がすでに話題（わだい）なら、「が」を「は」にできます。対比（たいひ）にも使えます。\n\n- 窓**は**開いていますが、ドア**は**閉まっています。\n- 飲み物**は**冷やしてありますが、食べ物**は**まだ用意してありません。\n\nテあるの否定（ひてい）は「テありません」です。「資料（しりょう）はまだ印刷（いんさつ）してありません」のように、必要な準備が終わっていないことを表します。\n\n## 六　選び方のまとめ\n\n:::warning\nテあるは、どの動詞にも使えるわけではありません。目的をもって対象に働きかける他動詞と使います。\n\n✓机の上に資料が置いてあります。\n\n✗雨が降ってあります。\n:::\n\n1. 自然な変化の結果に注目するなら、自動詞＋**テいる**を使います。\n2. 誰かが目的をもって作った状態なら、他動詞＋**テある**を使います。\n3. 行動する人の進行や習慣に注目するなら、他動詞＋**テいる**を使います。\n4. テあるでは、状態の対象を「が・は」で示し、行為者は普通言いません。\n\n- 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