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88,"title":1189,"slug":1190,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1191},"01a09a7b-ebb7-7992-8713-aa129d1a1e39","にせよ・にしろと複数の仮定","ni-seyo-ni-shiro-to-fukusuu-no-katei",236,{"id":1193,"title":1194,"slug":1195,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1196},"01a09a7b-ed56-70ab-b13a-5aa70401279e","とあってと特別な事情","to-atte-to-tokubetsu-na-jijou",237,{"id":1198,"title":1199,"slug":1200,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1201},"01a09a7b-ed4f-7f72-a3c0-702a69d8efb0","とあればと特別な前提","to-areba-to-tokubetsu-na-zentei",238,{"id":1203,"title":1204,"slug":1205,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1206},"01a09a7b-eb54-7172-83b8-212e0660b39b","なくしてと不可欠な条件","naku-shite-to-fukaketsu-na-jouken",239,{"id":1208,"title":1209,"slug":1210,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1211},"01a09a7b-ec33-76d7-820c-b54371c3b0aa","をもってと期限・手段の宣言","o-motte-to-kigen-shudan-no-sengen",240,{"id":1213,"title":1214,"slug":1215,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1216},"01a09a7b-ec27-7f99-bac3-4733b30f267a","を禁じ得ないと抑えられない感情","o-kinji-enai-to-osaerarenai-kanjou",241,{"id":1218,"title":1219,"slug":1220,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1221},"01a09a7b-ebc2-7a26-a6a8-811ef87212d3","に堪えないと感情の極み","ni-taenai-to-kanjou-no-kiwami",242,{"id":1223,"title":1224,"slug":1225,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1226},"01a09a7b-ea80-7f49-a05f-ee4b16fd6ff0","極まりない・極まると極端な評価","kiwamarinai-kiwamaru-to-kyokutan-na-hyouka",243,{"id":1228,"title":1229,"slug":1230,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1231},"01a09a7b-e8ef-7e0f-87a6-e0b7637d3dba","文中の時制と視点の移動","bunchuu-no-jisei-to-shiten-no-idou",244,{"id":1233,"title":1234,"slug":1235,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1236},"01a09a7b-e9a1-7bd2-a6d1-a5a5d3080392","法令・論文・報道における文体の選択","hourei-ronbun-houdou-ni-okeru-buntai-no-sentaku",245,{"id":460,"title":461,"slug":462,"seoDescription":1238,"content":1239,"language":9,"level":452,"displayOrder":463,"grammarTopics":1240,"createdAt":1246,"updatedAt":1247,"vocabularyLists":1248,"readyImages":1295},"助詞「は」と「が」を、主題と主語だけでなく、既知・新情報、対比、焦点、場面描写という情報構造から学びます。質問への答え、新しく登場する物、その後の話題化、従属節の主語、目的語や場所の主題化を表と会話で確認します。単純な一対一の規則に頼らず、聞き手が何を知り、文のどこを伝えたいかに合わせて選べるようになります。","助詞（じょし）の **は** と **が** は、文法上（ぶんぽうじょう）の役割（やくわり）だけでなく、どの情報を話題（わだい）にし、どこに注目（ちゅうもく）させるかを示します。\n\n「はは主題（しゅだい）、がは主語（しゅご）」だけでは、実際（じっさい）の選び方を十分に説明できません。聞き手が知っていることと、今伝えたいことの流れを見ます。\n\n## 1. 「は」と「が」が示すもの\n\n**は** は話の枠（わく）を作り、**が** はその枠の中の主体（しゅたい）や、焦点（しょうてん）となる情報を示すことが多いです。\n\n| 助詞 | 主な働き | 例（れい） |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| は | これから何について話すか示す | この町（まち）は、冬（ふゆ）が長いです。 |\n| は | 二つ以上を対比（たいひ）する | 魚（さかな）は食べますが、肉（にく）は食べません。 |\n| が | だれ・何かを特定（とくてい）する | 山田（やまだ）さんが担当（たんとう）です。 |\n| が | 場面に新しい人や物を出す | 入り口（いりぐち）に人が立っています。 |\n\n:::note\n「は」は主語だけに付きません。目的語（もくてきご）の「を」に代わったり、「には」「では」のように場所や範囲（はんい）を話題にしたりできます。\n:::\n\n## 2. 質問が焦点を決める\n\n疑問詞（ぎもんし）で聞かれた部分は、新しく求められている情報です。答えでは、その情報に「が」を使うのが自然です。\n\n:::example\n**だれが会議（かいぎ）に出ますか。**\n\n— **佐藤（さとう）さんが**出ます。\n\n**何（なに）が壊（こわ）れましたか。**\n\n— **時計（とけい）が**壊れました。\n:::\n\n一方、すでに話題になっている人について質問するときは、「は」が枠を作ります。\n\n- **佐藤さんは**、会議で何を説明（せつめい）しますか。\n- **新しい店は**、何時（なんじ）に開きますか。\n\n## 3. 新情報を「が」で出し、「は」で続ける\n\n会話や文章では、初めて出す人や物を「が」で紹介（しょうかい）し、その後は「は」で話題として続ける流れがよくあります。\n\n:::example\n玄関（げんかん）に**荷物（にもつ）が**届（とど）いていました。\n\n**その荷物は**、北海道（ほっかいどう）の友達からでした。\n\n中にはお菓子（かし）が入っていました。**お菓子は**家族で食べました。\n:::\n\n| 情報の段階（だんかい） | 選び方 | 例 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 初めて登場する | が | 猫（ねこ）がいました。 |\n| 話題として続ける | は | その猫は白かったです。 |\n| 省略しても分かる | 助詞ごと省く | しばらく庭（にわ）にいました。 |\n\n:::tip\n同じ名詞を何度も「が」で出すのではなく、「『が』で登場、『は』で話題化、その後は必要なら省略」という流れを意識します。\n:::\n\n## 4. 場面描写と対比で意味が変わる\n\n目の前の出来事をそのまま描写（びょうしゃ）するときは、「が」が自然です。「は」に替（か）えると、そのものを話題にしたり、別のものと比べたりする意味が出ます。\n\n| 文 | 伝わり方 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 外（そと）で子ども**が**遊んでいます。 | 場面に見える出来事を伝える |\n| 子ども**は**遊んでいますが、大人（おとな）は話しています。 | 子どもと大人を対比する |\n| 雨（あめ）**が**降（ふ）っています。 | 今起きている天気を伝える |\n| 雨**は**降っていますが、風（かぜ）は強くありません。 | 雨と風を対比する |\n\n「は」が付くものは、文の主語とは限りません。\n\n- この本**は**、もう読（よ）みました。〔読む対象を話題にする〕\n- 京都（きょうと）**では**、古い寺（てら）を見学（けんがく）しました。〔場所を話の枠にする〕\n- 私（わたし）**には**、その仕事は難（むずか）しいです。〔判断する立場を示す〕\n\n## 5. 従属節（じゅうぞくせつ）の中の主語\n\n名詞を説明する節や、「とき」「たら」などの節では、その節の主語に「が」を使うのが基本です。\n\n| 節の種類（しゅるい） | 例 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 名詞修飾（めいししゅうしょく） | **私が**昨日撮（と）った写真（しゃしん） |\n| 「とき」の節 | **母（はは）が**帰（かえ）ったとき、夕食（ゆうしょく）を作りました。 |\n| 「たら」の節 | **電車（でんしゃ）が**遅れたら、連絡（れんらく）してください。 |\n\n:::warning\n「従属節では絶対（ぜったい）に『は』を使わない」という規則ではありません。特別な対比や、文全体に続く大きな話題には「は」も現れます。まず中立的（ちゅうりつてき）な主語なら「が」と考えます。\n:::\n\n## 6. 情報の流れから選ぶ\n\n1. 何について話すか、枠を作るなら **は** を使います。\n2. 「だれが・何が」の答えを特定するなら **が** を使います。\n3. 場面に初めて出す人や物には **が**、その後の話題には **は** がよく合います。\n4. 比較や対比をはっきり示すなら **は** を使います。\n5. 従属節の中の中立的な主語には **が** を使います。\n\n:::note\n既知（きち）なら必ず「は」、新情報なら必ず「が」という一対一の規則ではありません。「が」は既知の人を焦点にすることもあり、「は」は新しい話題を設定（せってい）することもあります。\n:::",[1241],{"id":1242,"name":1243,"level":452,"language":9,"isCompleted":1244,"completionPercentage":1245,"totalExercises":16,"completedExercises":1245},"01a09a7b-e7ad-78c1-a199-652d0e908cd6","は・がと情報構造",false,0,"2026-09-13T11:16:48+00:00","2026-10-11T12:53:35+00:00",[1249],{"id":1250,"title":1251,"vocabularyListWords":1252,"isPublished":1263},"01a09a7c-7cb9-720c-8157-7f13bfac2167","情報構造の「は」と「が」",[1253,1265,1275,1285],{"id":1254,"vocabularyWord":1255,"displayOrder":11},"01a09a7c-7cb9-7264-8157-7f13bfff0185",{"id":1256,"word":1257,"frequency":56,"level":10,"language":9,"audioFilePath":1258,"partsOfSpeech":1259,"audio":1263,"audioUrl":1264},"01a09a7c-2984-7ca1-9d0c-b4efba7dba43","は","tts_39ed27c3fc927f2e_ja-JP.mp3",[1260],{"id":1261,"partOfSpeech":1262,"isPrimary":1263,"meaningOrder":11},"01a09a7c-299f-77c4-bfba-c0c8b459dbda","PARTICLE",true,"\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_39ed27c3fc927f2e_ja-JP.mp3",{"id":1266,"vocabularyWord":1267,"displayOrder":16},"01a09a7c-7cb9-7294-8157-7f13c0dbf509",{"id":1268,"word":1269,"frequency":56,"level":10,"language":9,"audioFilePath":1270,"partsOfSpeech":1271,"audio":1263,"audioUrl":1274},"01a09a7c-298e-71ce-a3c1-3dabdf68fe3e","が","tts_f51c16a3b5778191_ja-JP.mp3",[1272],{"id":1273,"partOfSpeech":1262,"isPrimary":1263,"meaningOrder":11},"01a09a7c-29a0-768d-848e-f257b7eec9be","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_f51c16a3b5778191_ja-JP.mp3",{"id":1276,"vocabularyWord":1277,"displayOrder":21},"01a09a7c-7cb9-72b8-8157-7f13c1a1b6ea",{"id":1278,"word":1279,"frequency":56,"level":10,"language":9,"audioFilePath":1280,"partsOfSpeech":1281,"audio":1263,"audioUrl":1284},"01a09a7c-2ee8-77fc-89ac-9893cbcd69a6","では","tts_ead11f455a69ee54_ja-JP.mp3",[1282],{"id":1283,"partOfSpeech":1262,"isPrimary":1263,"meaningOrder":11},"01a09a7c-2f19-7683-9178-cded211018be","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_ead11f455a69ee54_ja-JP.mp3",{"id":1286,"vocabularyWord":1287,"displayOrder":26},"01a09a7c-7cb9-72d8-8157-7f13c28e9483",{"id":1288,"word":1289,"frequency":56,"level":211,"language":9,"audioFilePath":1290,"partsOfSpeech":1291,"audio":1263,"audioUrl":1294},"01a09a7c-2ee0-76b9-acaa-521325740df0","には","tts_6728da5bdab62aaf_ja-JP.mp3",[1292],{"id":1293,"partOfSpeech":1262,"isPrimary":1263,"meaningOrder":11},"01a09a7c-2f18-79d1-a253-6c4fa68a5c6f","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_6728da5bdab62aaf_ja-JP.mp3",[],null,[1298,1307],{"@id":1299,"@type":1300,"id":1301,"grammarPage":1302,"title":1303,"instructions":1304,"displayOrder":1245,"type":1305,"questionCount":66,"blankCount":76,"isCompleted":1244,"ogImageUrl":1306},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a09a7c-221c-7503-9864-18ebfa7ac35a","GrammarExercise","01a09a7c-221c-7503-9864-18ebfa7ac35a","\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_pages\u002F01a09a7b-edda-78df-ba6c-c67c1e303219","焦点と情報の流れ","何が新しい情報か、何がすでに話題かを確かめて、「は」か「が」を含む自然な形を選んでください。","word_select","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_1a9100ac-c1cf-4a87-8871-8aa711b1a8a2_hero.webp?v=1789298221",{"@id":1308,"@type":1300,"id":1309,"grammarPage":1302,"title":1310,"instructions":1311,"displayOrder":11,"type":1305,"questionCount":66,"blankCount":81,"isCompleted":1244,"ogImageUrl":1312},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a09a7c-2233-7bf3-9bb4-8f50bf738a77","01a09a7c-2233-7bf3-9bb4-8f50bf738a77","話題・対比と従属節","対比、話の枠、従属節の中の主語を見分けて、文脈に合う助詞を選んでください。","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_54ad17f5-518e-4e15-b431-da61e9ae7a28_hero.webp?v=1789298221",{"id":1301,"grammarPage":1302,"title":1303,"instructions":1304,"seoTitle":1314,"seoDescription":1315,"displayOrder":1245,"type":1305,"questions":1316,"ogImageUrl":1306},"「は」と「が」の焦点と情報の流れ","「だれが最初の担当ですか」「小野さんが担当です」のように、疑問詞や新しい情報に付く「が」と、すでに話題になっていることに付く「は」を、会話の流れから空欄の選択肢から選ぶ練習です。発表の担当や届いた手紙についての話を題材に、質問と答えで何が新しい情報かを確かめ、自然な助詞を迷わず選べるようになります。",[1317],{"id":1318,"sentenceTemplate":1319,"displayOrder":1245,"explanation":1320,"exampleSentence":1321,"blanks":1322},"01a09a7c-221c-781f-9864-18ebfc0c9fa1","「__1__最初の発表の担当ですか。」――「小野さんが担当です。」","まだ分からない人を尋ねる「だれ」は、この質問では話題として取り上げられません。「だれが」で担当する人を尋ね、答えでもその人を「が」で示します。","「だれが受付をしますか。」――「木村さんがします。」",[1323],{"id":1324,"blankNumber":11,"options":1325},"01a09a7c-221c-779f-9864-18ebfb86cbe2",[1326,1329,1332],{"id":1327,"optionText":1328,"isCorrect":1263,"displayOrder":1245},"01a09a7c-221c-76bb-9864-18ebfa94ce67","だれが",{"id":1330,"optionText":1331,"isCorrect":1244,"displayOrder":11},"01a09a7c-221c-7713-9864-18ebfb0fad36","だれは",{"id":1333,"optionText":1334,"isCorrect":1244,"displayOrder":16},"01a09a7c-221c-775b-9864-18ebfb35524d","だれなら",{"html":1336,"toc":1337},"\u003Cp>助詞（じょし）の \u003Cstrong>は\u003C\u002Fstrong> と \u003Cstrong>が\u003C\u002Fstrong> は、文法上（ぶんぽうじょう）の役割（やくわり）だけでなく、どの情報を話題（わだい）にし、どこに注目（ちゅうもく）させるかを示します。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>「はは主題（しゅだい）、がは主語（しゅご）」だけでは、実際（じっさい）の選び方を十分に説明できません。聞き手が知っていることと、今伝えたいことの流れを見ます。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">1.\u003C\u002Fspan>「は」と「が」が示すもの\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>は\u003C\u002Fstrong> は話の枠（わく）を作り、\u003Cstrong>が\u003C\u002Fstrong> はその枠の中の主体（しゅたい）や、焦点（しょうてん）となる情報を示すことが多いです。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>助詞\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>主な働き\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>例（れい）\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>は\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>これから何について話すか示す\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>この町（まち）は、冬（ふゆ）が長いです。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>は\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>二つ以上を対比（たいひ）する\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>魚（さかな）は食べますが、肉（にく）は食べません。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>が\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>だれ・何かを特定（とくてい）する\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>山田（やまだ）さんが担当（たんとう）です。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>が\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>場面に新しい人や物を出す\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>入り口（いりぐち）に人が立っています。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--note\">\u003Cp>「は」は主語だけに付きません。目的語（もくてきご）の「を」に代わったり、「には」「では」のように場所や範囲（はんい）を話題にしたりできます。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-2\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">2.\u003C\u002Fspan>質問が焦点を決める\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>疑問詞（ぎもんし）で聞かれた部分は、新しく求められている情報です。答えでは、その情報に「が」を使うのが自然です。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>だれが会議（かいぎ）に出ますか。\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>— \u003Cstrong>佐藤（さとう）さんが\u003C\u002Fstrong>出ます。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>何（なに）が壊（こわ）れましたか。\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>— \u003Cstrong>時計（とけい）が\u003C\u002Fstrong>壊れました。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>一方、すでに話題になっている人について質問するときは、「は」が枠を作ります。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>佐藤さんは\u003C\u002Fstrong>、会議で何を説明（せつめい）しますか。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>新しい店は\u003C\u002Fstrong>、何時（なんじ）に開きますか。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-3\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">3.\u003C\u002Fspan>新情報を「が」で出し、「は」で続ける\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>会話や文章では、初めて出す人や物を「が」で紹介（しょうかい）し、その後は「は」で話題として続ける流れがよくあります。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>玄関（げんかん）に\u003Cstrong>荷物（にもつ）が\u003C\u002Fstrong>届（とど）いていました。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>その荷物は\u003C\u002Fstrong>、北海道（ほっかいどう）の友達からでした。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>中にはお菓子（かし）が入っていました。\u003Cstrong>お菓子は\u003C\u002Fstrong>家族で食べました。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>情報の段階（だんかい）\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>選び方\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>例\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>初めて登場する\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>が\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>猫（ねこ）がいました。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>話題として続ける\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>は\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>その猫は白かったです。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>省略しても分かる\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>助詞ごと省く\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>しばらく庭（にわ）にいました。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--tip\">\u003Cp>同じ名詞を何度も「が」で出すのではなく、「『が』で登場、『は』で話題化、その後は必要なら省略」という流れを意識します。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-4\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">4.\u003C\u002Fspan>場面描写と対比で意味が変わる\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>目の前の出来事をそのまま描写（びょうしゃ）するときは、「が」が自然です。「は」に替（か）えると、そのものを話題にしたり、別のものと比べたりする意味が出ます。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>文\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>伝わり方\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>外（そと）で子ども\u003Cstrong>が\u003C\u002Fstrong>遊んでいます。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>場面に見える出来事を伝える\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>子ども\u003Cstrong>は\u003C\u002Fstrong>遊んでいますが、大人（おとな）は話しています。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>子どもと大人を対比する\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>雨（あめ）\u003Cstrong>が\u003C\u002Fstrong>降（ふ）っています。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>今起きている天気を伝える\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>雨\u003Cstrong>は\u003C\u002Fstrong>降っていますが、風（かぜ）は強くありません。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>雨と風を対比する\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>「は」が付くものは、文の主語とは限りません。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>この本\u003Cstrong>は\u003C\u002Fstrong>、もう読（よ）みました。〔読む対象を話題にする〕\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>京都（きょうと）\u003Cstrong>では\u003C\u002Fstrong>、古い寺（てら）を見学（けんがく）しました。〔場所を話の枠にする〕\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>私（わたし）\u003Cstrong>には\u003C\u002Fstrong>、その仕事は難（むずか）しいです。〔判断する立場を示す〕\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-5\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">5.\u003C\u002Fspan>従属節（じゅうぞくせつ）の中の主語\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>名詞を説明する節や、「とき」「たら」などの節では、その節の主語に「が」を使うのが基本です。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>節の種類（しゅるい）\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>例\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>名詞修飾（めいししゅうしょく）\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>私が\u003C\u002Fstrong>昨日撮（と）った写真（しゃしん）\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>「とき」の節\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>母（はは）が\u003C\u002Fstrong>帰（かえ）ったとき、夕食（ゆうしょく）を作りました。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>「たら」の節\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>電車（でんしゃ）が\u003C\u002Fstrong>遅れたら、連絡（れんらく）してください。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--warning\">\u003Cp>「従属節では絶対（ぜったい）に『は』を使わない」という規則ではありません。特別な対比や、文全体に続く大きな話題には「は」も現れます。まず中立的（ちゅうりつてき）な主語なら「が」と考えます。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-6\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">6.\u003C\u002Fspan>情報の流れから選ぶ\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Col>\n\u003Cli>何について話すか、枠を作るなら \u003Cstrong>は\u003C\u002Fstrong> を使います。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>「だれが・何が」の答えを特定するなら \u003Cstrong>が\u003C\u002Fstrong> を使います。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>場面に初めて出す人や物には \u003Cstrong>が\u003C\u002Fstrong>、その後の話題には \u003Cstrong>は\u003C\u002Fstrong> がよく合います。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>比較や対比をはっきり示すなら \u003Cstrong>は\u003C\u002Fstrong> を使います。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>従属節の中の中立的な主語には \u003Cstrong>が\u003C\u002Fstrong> を使います。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Fol>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--note\">\u003Cp>既知（きち）なら必ず「は」、新情報なら必ず「が」という一対一の規則ではありません。「が」は既知の人を焦点にすることもあり、「は」は新しい話題を設定（せってい）することもあります。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n",[1338,1342,1346,1350,1354,1358],{"id":1339,"text":1340,"depth":16,"number":1341},"section","「は」と「が」が示すもの","1",{"id":1343,"text":1344,"depth":16,"number":1345},"section-2","質問が焦点を決める","2",{"id":1347,"text":1348,"depth":16,"number":1349},"section-3","新情報を「が」で出し、「は」で続ける","3",{"id":1351,"text":1352,"depth":16,"number":1353},"section-4","場面描写と対比で意味が変わる","4",{"id":1355,"text":1356,"depth":16,"number":1357},"section-5","従属節（じゅうぞくせつ）の中の主語","5",{"id":1359,"text":1360,"depth":16,"number":1361},"section-6","情報の流れから選ぶ","6"]