[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"grammar-page-ko-at-eot-gwageo-sije":3,"grammar-exercises-by-page-01a07863-d6ab-7aa1-a11a-2ab40be93a6a":576,"exercise-list-path-ko-none":605},{"id":4,"title":5,"slug":6,"seoDescription":7,"content":8,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":11,"grammarTopics":12,"createdAt":19,"updatedAt":20,"vocabularyLists":21,"primaryTopicHub":573,"readyImages":575},"01a07863-d6ab-7aa1-a11a-2ab40be93a6a","'-았\u002F었-' 과거 시제","at-eot-gwageo-sije","동사와 형용사의 과거를 나타내는 '-았\u002F었-'의 형태를 배우고, 어간의 마지막 모음에 따라 '-았어요', '-었어요', '-했어요'를 골라요. 가다→갔어요, 먹다→먹었어요 같은 축약과 불규칙 활용의 과거형도 비교하며 어제 한 일과 지난 상태를 자연스럽게 말해요.","이미 끝난 행동이나 과거의 상태를 말할 때 용언에 **-았\u002F었-**을 붙여요. 해요체에서는 보통 **-았어요\u002F었어요**의 형태로 사용해요.\n\n이 글을 읽고 나면 다음을 할 수 있어요.\n\n- 어간의 마지막 모음에 따라 **-았어요\u002F었어요**를 골라요.\n- 자주 쓰는 축약형과 **했어요**를 만들어요.\n- 불규칙 용언의 과거형을 알아보고 사용해요.\n\n## 1. ㅏ·ㅗ 뒤에는 -았어요를 붙여요\n\n어간의 마지막 모음이 **ㅏ** 또는 **ㅗ**이면 **-았어요**를 붙여요. 같은 모음이 만나면 형태가 줄어들기도 해요.\n\n| 기본형 | 변화 과정 | 과거형 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 살다 | 살- + -았어요 | **살았어요** |\n| 가다 | 가- + -았어요 | **갔어요** |\n| 오다 | 오- + -았어요 | **왔어요** |\n| 보다 | 보- + -았어요 | **봤어요** |\n\n:::example\n- 작년에 서울에서 **살았어요**.\n- 어제 학교에 **갔어요**.\n- 친구가 우리 집에 **왔어요**.\n- 주말에 영화를 **봤어요**.\n:::\n\n## 2. 그 밖의 모음 뒤에는 -었어요를 붙여요\n\n어간의 마지막 모음이 **ㅏ, ㅗ**가 아니면 보통 **-었어요**를 붙여요.\n\n| 기본형 | 변화 과정 | 과거형 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 먹다 | 먹- + -었어요 | **먹었어요** |\n| 읽다 | 읽- + -었어요 | **읽었어요** |\n| 마시다 | 마시- + -었어요 | **마셨어요** |\n| 배우다 | 배우- + -었어요 | **배웠어요** |\n\n**ㅣ + 어 → ㅕ**, **ㅜ + 어 → ㅝ**처럼 모음이 만나면 줄어들어요. 그래서 *마시었어요*는 **마셨어요**, *배우었어요*는 **배웠어요**가 돼요.\n\n:::tip\n먼저 기본형에서 **-다**를 빼고 어간의 마지막 모음을 보세요. ㅏ·ㅗ인지 아닌지 확인하면 선택하기 쉬워요.\n:::\n\n## 3. 하다는 했어요가 돼요\n\n**하다**가 들어간 동사와 형용사는 과거에 **했어요**의 형태가 돼요.\n\n- 공부하다 → 공부**했어요**\n- 운동하다 → 운동**했어요**\n- 일하다 → 일**했어요**\n- 깨끗하다 → 깨끗**했어요**\n- 조용하다 → 조용**했어요**\n- 유명하다 → 유명**했어요**\n\n:::example\n어제는 아주 바빴어요.\n\n- 아침에 운동**했어요**.\n- 낮에는 일**했어요**.\n- 저녁에는 한국어를 공부**했어요**.\n- 어제 그 카페는 조용**했어요**.\n- 그 배우는 유명**했어요**.\n:::\n\n## 4. 과거의 상태도 말해요\n\n형용사에도 **-았\u002F었어요**를 붙여 지난 상태를 표현할 수 있어요.\n\n| 현재 | 과거 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 날씨가 좋아요. | 날씨가 **좋았어요**. |\n| 방이 작아요. | 방이 **작았어요**. |\n| 음식이 맛있어요. | 음식이 **맛있었어요**. |\n\n**어제, 지난주, 작년** 같은 시간 표현을 넣으면 과거라는 뜻이 더 분명해져요.\n\n명사 뒤의 **이다**도 과거로 바꿀 수 있어요.\n\n| 받침 | 현재 | 과거 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 받침이 있어요 | 학생이에요. | 학생이**었어요**. |\n| 받침이 없어요 | 친구예요. | 친구**였어요**. |\n\n| 현재 | 과거 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 학생이 아니에요. | 학생이 **아니었어요**. |\n| 책이 있어요. | 책이 **있었어요**. |\n| 시간이 없어요. | 시간이 **없었어요**. |\n\n## 5. 불규칙 변화도 함께 일어나요\n\n불규칙 용언은 어간이 먼저 바뀐 뒤 과거 표현과 결합해요.\n\n- 듣다(ㄷ 불규칙) → 들어요 → **들었어요**\n- 춥다(ㅂ 불규칙) → 추워요 → **추웠어요**\n- 모르다(르 불규칙) → 몰라요 → **몰랐어요**\n- 낫다(ㅅ 불규칙) → 나아요 → **나았어요**\n- 바쁘다·쓰다(으 탈락) → 바빠요·써요 → **바빴어요·썼어요**\n- 그렇다(ㅎ 불규칙) → 그래요 → **그랬어요**\n- 살다(ㄹ 탈락 아님) → 살아요 → **살았어요**\n\n**낫다**는 모음으로 시작하는 어미 앞에서 ㅅ이 없어져요. **바쁘다**와 **쓰다**는 **으**가 빠져요.\n\n:::note\n현재 해요체를 알고 있다면 마지막 **요** 앞에 과거의 **ㅆ**이 들어가는 모양을 찾아보세요: *들어요 → 들었어요*, *추워요 → 추웠어요*.\n\n합니다체에서는 **갔습니다, 먹었습니다**처럼 **-았\u002F었습니다**를 써요.\n:::\n\n## 6. 부정 과거문을 만들어요\n\n짧은 부정 **안**은 과거형 동사 앞에 그대로 놓아요. **-지 않았어요**도 같은 뜻으로 쓸 수 있어요. **안**은 보통 일부러 하지 않은 뜻이고, **못**은 능력이나 상황 때문에 하지 못한 뜻이에요.\n\n- 오늘 아침을 먹었어요. → 오늘 아침을 **안 먹었어요**.\n- 어제 학교에 갔어요. → 어제 학교에 **안 갔어요**.\n\n| 기본형 | 짧은 부정 | 긴 부정 | 능력·상황의 부정 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 먹다 | **안 먹었어요** | **먹지 않았어요** | **못 먹었어요** |\n| 가다 | **안 갔어요** | **가지 않았어요** | **못 갔어요** |\n| 보다 | **안 봤어요** | **보지 않았어요** | **못 봤어요** |\n\n시간이나 상황 때문에 할 수 없었을 때는 **못 갔어요** 또는 **-지 못했어요**라고 해요. 예를 들어 **어제는 시간이 없어서 못 갔어요**라고 말할 수 있어요.\n\n:::warning\n과거 시간 표현이 있어도 용언을 현재형으로 두지 마세요. *어제 학교에 가요*는 현재 계획처럼 들릴 수 있어요. 끝난 일을 말하면 **어제 학교에 갔어요**라고 하세요.\n:::\n\n## 7. 한눈에 정리해요\n\n1. 기본형에서 **-다**를 빼요.\n2. 마지막 모음이 ㅏ·ㅗ이면 **-았어요**를 골라요.\n3. 그 밖의 모음이면 **-었어요**를 골라요.\n4. **하다**는 **했어요**로 바꿔요.\n5. 필요한 축약이나 불규칙 변화를 적용해요.\n\n과거 표현을 만들 때는 어간의 마지막 모음을 먼저 확인하세요. **갔어요, 먹었어요, 공부했어요**의 세 가지 기본 모양을 기억하면 활용하기 쉬워요.","ko","A2",48,[13],{"id":14,"name":15,"level":10,"language":9,"isCompleted":16,"completionPercentage":17,"totalExercises":18,"completedExercises":17},"01a09c0b-5857-77f5-b355-ab5555ff946b","과거·미래·진행",false,0,14,"2026-09-06T20:23:24+00:00","2026-10-11T12:53:37+00:00",[22],{"id":23,"title":24,"vocabularyListWords":25,"isPublished":39},"01a07865-2a66-7715-9f3c-4b9635f21d64","과거를 나타내는 았어요와 었어요",[26,42,53,65,78,91,109,122,136,148,160,171,184,197,209,220,231,242,253,267,280,297,314,325,338,351,364,377,388,399,410,421,435,448,461,474,487,499,510,523,536,549,562],{"id":27,"vocabularyWord":28,"displayOrder":40},"01a07865-2a66-77b5-9f3c-4b9636b50272",{"id":29,"word":30,"frequency":31,"level":32,"language":9,"audioFilePath":33,"partsOfSpeech":34,"audio":39,"audioUrl":41},"01a07864-2313-7af9-852b-1caa7eee9526","았어요\u002F었어요",10,"A1","tts_1187cda63edd6ba5_ko-KR.mp3",[35],{"id":36,"partOfSpeech":37,"definition":38,"isPrimary":39,"meaningOrder":40},"01a07864-2357-75f4-bb1d-8b8c75fc47cd","PHRASE","",true,1,"\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_1187cda63edd6ba5_ko-KR.mp3",{"id":43,"vocabularyWord":44,"displayOrder":52},"01a07865-2a66-781d-9f3c-4b9636f7e435",{"id":45,"word":46,"frequency":31,"level":32,"language":9,"audioFilePath":47,"partsOfSpeech":48,"audio":39,"audioUrl":51},"01a07864-21df-707e-9ff2-04c0bfe7a812","아요\u002F어요","tts_6cfb26a8473b5686_ko-KR.mp3",[49],{"id":50,"partOfSpeech":37,"definition":38,"isPrimary":39,"meaningOrder":40},"01a07864-2217-7819-a609-828f52f90e4d","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_6cfb26a8473b5686_ko-KR.mp3",2,{"id":54,"vocabularyWord":55,"displayOrder":64},"01a07865-2a66-786d-9f3c-4b963774e812",{"id":56,"word":57,"frequency":31,"level":32,"language":9,"audioFilePath":58,"partsOfSpeech":59,"audio":39,"audioUrl":63},"01a07864-21d4-7eb3-8445-1ecd77065e7c","살다","tts_33acbcf5f00f5709_ko-KR.mp3",[60],{"id":61,"partOfSpeech":62,"definition":38,"isPrimary":39,"meaningOrder":40},"01a07864-2215-7eef-ae08-deda395b4395","VERB","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_33acbcf5f00f5709_ko-KR.mp3",3,{"id":66,"vocabularyWord":67,"displayOrder":77},"01a07865-2a66-78e1-9f3c-4b9638456135",{"id":68,"word":69,"frequency":31,"level":32,"language":9,"audioFilePath":70,"partsOfSpeech":71,"audio":39,"audioUrl":76},"01a07864-2271-7f3e-88c7-603ebc142616","가다","tts_139dac018d2807c3_ko-KR.mp3",[72],{"id":73,"partOfSpeech":62,"definition":74,"exampleSentences":75,"isPrimary":39,"meaningOrder":40},"01a07864-22b5-7906-a1b1-56fdea275f9d","어떤 곳을 향해 이동하다.","저는 매일 아침 학교에 가요.","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_139dac018d2807c3_ko-KR.mp3",4,{"id":79,"vocabularyWord":80,"displayOrder":90},"01a07865-2a66-7921-9f3c-4b9638ee664a",{"id":81,"word":82,"frequency":31,"level":32,"language":9,"audioFilePath":83,"partsOfSpeech":84,"audio":39,"audioUrl":89},"01a07864-229e-78af-add7-76fa4182d149","오다","tts_6053d346ffb8f581_ko-KR.mp3",[85],{"id":86,"partOfSpeech":62,"definition":87,"exampleSentences":88,"isPrimary":39,"meaningOrder":40},"01a07864-22b9-7e32-8749-6fc5e3729f5d","말하는 사람이 있는 곳이나 어떤 기준점으로 이동하다.","친구가 오늘 우리 집에 와요.","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_6053d346ffb8f581_ko-KR.mp3",5,{"id":92,"vocabularyWord":93,"displayOrder":108},"01a07865-2a66-7965-9f3c-4b9639a2b80b",{"id":94,"word":95,"frequency":31,"level":10,"language":9,"audioFilePath":96,"partsOfSpeech":97,"audio":39,"audioUrl":107},"01a07864-23c0-7243-8fb4-7c01998ab3a0","보다","tts_02ccbceae185c279_ko-KR.mp3",[98,103],{"id":99,"partOfSpeech":100,"definition":101,"exampleSentences":102,"isPrimary":39,"meaningOrder":40},"01a07864-23e7-7142-b488-6f1a4e198cae","PARTICLE","두 대상을 비교할 때 기준이 되는 대상을 나타내는 조사.","작년보다 올해 날씨가 따뜻해요.",{"id":104,"partOfSpeech":62,"definition":105,"exampleSentences":106,"isPrimary":16,"meaningOrder":40},"01a07864-23e7-718e-b488-6f1a4edd559f","눈으로 대상을 살피거나 영상을 감상하다.","저녁에 가족과 영화를 봤어요.","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_02ccbceae185c279_ko-KR.mp3",6,{"id":110,"vocabularyWord":111,"displayOrder":121},"01a07865-2a66-79bd-9f3c-4b9639bef25f",{"id":112,"word":113,"frequency":31,"level":32,"language":9,"audioFilePath":114,"partsOfSpeech":115,"audio":39,"audioUrl":120},"01a07864-2296-7390-b8a6-163e21b5b241","먹다","tts_01eb3322b7dba388_ko-KR.mp3",[116],{"id":117,"partOfSpeech":62,"definition":118,"exampleSentences":119,"isPrimary":39,"meaningOrder":40},"01a07864-22b9-704e-8749-6fc5de58f044","음식이나 약을 입에 넣어 삼키다.","저는 아침에 빵을 먹어요.","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_01eb3322b7dba388_ko-KR.mp3",7,{"id":123,"vocabularyWord":124,"displayOrder":135},"01a07865-2a66-7a11-9f3c-4b963a2a088e",{"id":125,"word":126,"frequency":127,"level":32,"language":9,"audioFilePath":128,"partsOfSpeech":129,"audio":39,"audioUrl":134},"01a07864-2280-7320-a716-4c1ca2b9fc18","읽다",9,"tts_62263be792768fb7_ko-KR.mp3",[130],{"id":131,"partOfSpeech":62,"definition":132,"exampleSentences":133,"isPrimary":39,"meaningOrder":40},"01a07864-22b6-7d42-b5cd-01edf893c021","글이나 책에 적힌 내용을 보다.","저는 저녁마다 책을 읽어요.","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_62263be792768fb7_ko-KR.mp3",8,{"id":137,"vocabularyWord":138,"displayOrder":127},"01a07865-2a66-7a51-9f3c-4b963a2a1011",{"id":139,"word":140,"frequency":31,"level":32,"language":9,"audioFilePath":141,"partsOfSpeech":142,"audio":39,"audioUrl":147},"01a07864-2294-7c27-bf06-9b8e07bfd8a2","마시다","tts_598ba055f59aa195_ko-KR.mp3",[143],{"id":144,"partOfSpeech":62,"definition":145,"exampleSentences":146,"isPrimary":39,"meaningOrder":40},"01a07864-22b8-7da4-b04a-d6983c7d9288","물이나 음료를 입으로 삼키다.","아침마다 물을 한 잔 마셔요.","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_598ba055f59aa195_ko-KR.mp3",{"id":149,"vocabularyWord":150,"displayOrder":31},"01a07865-2a66-7a99-9f3c-4b963a75b3d5",{"id":151,"word":152,"frequency":31,"level":10,"language":9,"audioFilePath":153,"partsOfSpeech":154,"audio":39,"audioUrl":159},"01a07864-23bc-7e56-a6e0-669bf3d1ac6a","배우다","tts_0dee2266917d6e19_ko-KR.mp3",[155],{"id":156,"partOfSpeech":62,"definition":157,"exampleSentences":158,"isPrimary":39,"meaningOrder":40},"01a07864-23e6-7c3d-a50a-d10637d5ebbe","지식이나 기술을 익히다.","저는 학원에서 한국어를 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감고 잠을 이루다.","아기는 밤 아홉 시에 자요.","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_c468b260657dc839_ko-KR.mp3",39,{"id":524,"vocabularyWord":525,"displayOrder":535},"01a07865-2a67-72e1-95c1-3b8fd0ad0c89",{"id":526,"word":527,"frequency":127,"level":32,"language":9,"audioFilePath":528,"partsOfSpeech":529,"audio":39,"audioUrl":534},"01a07864-22a6-7b19-a2da-4980e1a50438","시작하다","tts_0eb8ad2966ecc274_ko-KR.mp3",[530],{"id":531,"partOfSpeech":62,"definition":532,"exampleSentences":533,"isPrimary":39,"meaningOrder":40},"01a07864-22ba-7c2d-999e-2a14290125bd","어떤 일이나 행동을 처음으로 하다.","회의는 오후 두 시에 시작합니다.","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_0eb8ad2966ecc274_ko-KR.mp3",40,{"id":537,"vocabularyWord":538,"displayOrder":548},"01a07865-2a67-731d-95c1-3b8fd167bde8",{"id":539,"word":540,"frequency":127,"level":32,"language":9,"audioFilePath":541,"partsOfSpeech":542,"audio":39,"audioUrl":547},"01a07864-2291-7eb7-8a58-458b66229380","끝나다","tts_2f6b8647b40bceb6_ko-KR.mp3",[543],{"id":544,"partOfSpeech":62,"definition":545,"exampleSentences":546,"isPrimary":39,"meaningOrder":40},"01a07864-22b8-7928-b04a-d6983b1ee8ea","하던 일이나 시간이 더 이어지지 않고 마치다.","수업이 네 시에 끝나요.","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_2f6b8647b40bceb6_ko-KR.mp3",41,{"id":550,"vocabularyWord":551,"displayOrder":561},"01a07865-2a67-7359-95c1-3b8fd1fec4bc",{"id":552,"word":553,"frequency":31,"level":10,"language":9,"audioFilePath":554,"partsOfSpeech":555,"audio":39,"audioUrl":560},"01a07864-23dd-703e-8706-0c2907308aa8","만나다","tts_f33736073549d743_ko-KR.mp3",[556],{"id":557,"partOfSpeech":62,"definition":558,"exampleSentences":559,"isPrimary":39,"meaningOrder":40},"01a07864-23e9-7d94-aaaf-bbe0bef77ee6","약속하거나 우연히 사람을 서로 마주 보다.","다음 주에 선생님을 만나기로 했어요.","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_f33736073549d743_ko-KR.mp3",42,{"id":563,"vocabularyWord":564,"displayOrder":572},"01a07865-2a67-7395-95c1-3b8fd25a3fcc",{"id":565,"word":566,"frequency":31,"level":10,"language":9,"audioFilePath":567,"partsOfSpeech":568,"audio":39,"audioUrl":571},"01a07864-2448-70de-9958-88ce6c3728ec","았습니다\u002F었습니다","tts_cac2953f6f2a6cb3_ko-KR.mp3",[569],{"id":570,"partOfSpeech":37,"definition":38,"isPrimary":39,"meaningOrder":40},"01a07864-2474-790f-9341-7426e7f07efa","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_cac2953f6f2a6cb3_ko-KR.mp3",43,{"name":15,"slug":574,"language":9},"past-future-and-progressive-a2",[],[577,586,592,599],{"@id":578,"@type":579,"id":580,"grammarPage":581,"title":582,"instructions":583,"displayOrder":17,"type":584,"questionCount":219,"blankCount":219,"isCompleted":16,"ogImageUrl":585},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a07863-de4e-715d-b7e2-25e84b38499b","GrammarExercise","01a07863-de4e-715d-b7e2-25e84b38499b","\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_pages\u002F01a07863-d6ab-7aa1-a11a-2ab40be93a6a","어제의 기록 - 과거형 만들기","괄호 안의 기본형을 보고 문장에 알맞은 과거형을 고르세요.","word_select","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_4581cbd6-c5fa-4388-8619-db226b748f78_hero.webp?v=1788726206",{"@id":587,"@type":579,"id":588,"grammarPage":581,"title":589,"instructions":590,"displayOrder":40,"type":584,"questionCount":219,"blankCount":219,"isCompleted":16,"ogImageUrl":591},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a07863-de67-7107-8e31-a5745c6275ce","01a07863-de67-7107-8e31-a5745c6275ce","Talking about past events and states","Read the time expression and situation, then choose the correct past form.","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_2ff3a9e9-f5ae-4ead-9a3e-8e99a82c74cd_hero.webp?v=1788726206",{"@id":593,"@type":579,"id":594,"grammarPage":581,"title":595,"instructions":596,"displayOrder":52,"type":597,"questionCount":77,"blankCount":17,"isCompleted":16,"ogImageUrl":598},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a0e1ac-7675-713d-a260-d7a2d93191c0","01a0e1ac-7675-713d-a260-d7a2d93191c0","Building polite past forms","Tap each dictionary form, then tap the column for its polite past ending.","word_sort","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_65708b55-e24c-4678-88da-8f1215c95851_hero.webp?v=1790492571",{"@id":600,"@type":579,"id":601,"grammarPage":581,"title":602,"instructions":603,"displayOrder":64,"type":597,"questionCount":90,"blankCount":17,"isCompleted":16,"ogImageUrl":604},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a0e1ac-767d-7605-bb80-407a0d89872d","01a0e1ac-767d-7605-bb80-407a0d89872d","Past forms: endings, stem changes and negatives","Tap a tile, then tap its column. Follow the sorting rule on each board.","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_23c72451-bd4b-48a9-8be8-7da5b376050f_hero.webp?v=1790492571",null]