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정보 초점","eosun-idong-gwa-jeongbo-chojeom",165,{"id":836,"title":837,"slug":838,"language":9,"level":683,"displayOrder":839},"01a07863-dab5-740e-83b8-33f381df3c93","조사 결합과 의미 범위","josa-gyeolhap-gwa-uimi-beomwi",166,{"id":841,"title":842,"slug":843,"language":9,"level":683,"displayOrder":844},"01a07863-d717-7c49-836e-9cd2147ab799","보조사 '-조차·-마저·-까지도'","bojosa-jocha-majeo-kkajido",167,{"id":846,"title":847,"slug":848,"language":9,"level":683,"displayOrder":849},"01a07863-d987-7c0b-91c8-c3837f99a60f","하오체의 형태와 사용 맥락","haoche-ui-hyeongtae-wa-maengnak",168,{"id":851,"title":852,"slug":853,"language":9,"level":683,"displayOrder":854},"01a07863-d94e-7f7d-bd36-aea815da0959","하게체의 형태와 사용 맥락","hageche-ui-hyeongtae-wa-maengnak",169,{"id":856,"title":857,"slug":858,"language":9,"level":683,"displayOrder":859},"01a07863-d858-74ca-b8ff-d9b13d4b0e74","간접 부탁과 완곡한 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태도","inyong-dongsa-ui-seontaek",195,{"id":987,"title":988,"slug":989,"language":9,"level":899,"displayOrder":990},"01a07863-d70b-7796-861c-b6fde39f3320","비인칭 피동과 책임 회피","biinching-pidong-gwa-chaegim-hoepi",196,{"id":992,"title":993,"slug":994,"language":9,"level":899,"displayOrder":995},"01a07863-dbfe-7715-a73d-d97b70250059","사동 구문과 책임의 범위","sadong-gumun-gwa-chaegim-beomwi",197,{"id":997,"title":998,"slug":999,"language":9,"level":899,"displayOrder":1000},"01a07863-dba0-7c89-90d4-2eef83532006","높임 표현의 충돌과 우선순위","nopim-pyohyeon-ui-chungdol",198,{"id":1002,"title":1003,"slug":1004,"language":9,"level":899,"displayOrder":1005},"01a07863-db20-75e4-9e91-1851bedaec66","말하기 등급의 전환과 관계 재조정","malhagi-deunggeup-ui-jeonhwan",199,{"id":1007,"title":1008,"slug":1009,"language":9,"level":899,"displayOrder":1010},"01a07863-dcba-7864-9960-b92f40934922","완곡어법과 체면 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차이","jeongdoseong-geukdanseong-ui-chai",215,{"id":1087,"title":1088,"slug":1089,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1091},"01a07863-d96c-7023-bb30-3a3d8f787aa2","한글 맞춤법의 역사적 변화","hangeul-matchumbeop-ui-yeoksajeok-byeonhwa","C2",216,{"id":1093,"title":1094,"slug":1095,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1096},"01a07863-db03-771f-a039-b9257e399114","중세 한국어 문법의 현대 한국어 흔적","jungse-hangugeo-munbeop-ui-heunjeok",217,{"id":1098,"title":1099,"slug":1100,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1101},"01a07863-da9b-74e0-aa05-b70e5e015c3d","지역·세대·사용역에 따른 발음 변이","jiyeok-sedae-sayongyeok-bareum-byeoni",218,{"id":1103,"title":1104,"slug":1105,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1106},"01a07863-d8dd-7b49-bcf9-020299f60a53","고전 문헌의 말하기 등급","gojeon-munheon-ui-malhagi-deunggeup",219,{"id":1108,"title":1109,"slug":1110,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1111},"01a07863-d8e4-7f0a-9847-6e75a50aa53d","고전적 높임 표현과 현대의 잔존형","gojeonjeok-nopim-pyohyeon",220,{"id":1113,"title":1114,"slug":1115,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1116},"01a07863-d6d4-7878-ad37-a4982f125903","방언의 말하기 등급과 사회적 의미","bangeon-ui-malhagi-deunggeup",221,{"id":1118,"title":1119,"slug":1120,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1121},"01a07863-d80d-7c71-85f6-c3236a70cc6b","언어 형식의 사회적 지표성","eoneo-hyeongsik-ui-sahoejeok-jipyoseong",222,{"id":1123,"title":1124,"slug":1125,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1126},"01a07863-d737-779b-ad54-78d521a176d0","복합 사용역과 문체 혼합","bokhap-sayongyeok-gwa-munche-honhap",223,{"id":1128,"title":1129,"slug":1130,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1131},"01a07863-da4d-7c0e-aee9-47ad0c32ab41","전달 정보의 증거성과 화자 개입","jeondal-jeongbo-jeunggeoseong-hwaja-gaeip",224,{"id":1133,"title":1134,"slug":1135,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1136},"01a07863-d9f3-784c-8444-b4e48a91a5f4","인식·당위·능력 양태의 중첩","insik-dangwi-neungnyeok-yangtae-jungcheop",225,{"id":1138,"title":1139,"slug":1140,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1141},"01a07863-d87d-7421-a10d-016685c3019e","극도로 중첩된 종속 구조","geukdoro-jungcheopdoen-jongsok-gujo",226,{"id":1143,"title":1144,"slug":1145,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1146},"01a07863-db6c-76c8-9d8d-1bf0ff302356","명사구 내부의 다중 수식 범위","myeongsagu-naebu-dajung-susik-beomwi",227,{"id":1148,"title":1149,"slug":1150,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1151},"01a07863-d7a7-7713-b582-4635b340fb8c","다층 인용과 발화 책임","dachung-inyong-gwa-balhwa-chaegim",228,{"id":1153,"title":1154,"slug":1155,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1156},"01a07863-dc93-7bf7-baaf-646f405d0a93","통사적 중의성과 구조 해석","tongsajeok-junguiseong-gujo-haeseok",229,{"id":1158,"title":1159,"slug":1160,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1161},"01a07863-d747-7d02-9170-02c9242f260d","부정의 범위와 중의성","bujeong-ui-beomwi-wa-junguiseong",230,{"id":1163,"title":1164,"slug":1165,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1166},"01a07863-dc82-74cf-aed9-03ef012ba1ae","수량사의 작용역과 범위","suryangsa-ui-jagyongyeok-gwa-beomwi",231,{"id":1168,"title":1169,"slug":1170,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1171},"01a07863-d7c0-7033-8973-1acd78835224","다중 주제 구조와 화제 계층","dajung-juje-gujo-hwaje-gyecheung",232,{"id":1173,"title":1174,"slug":1175,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1176},"01a07863-db0f-7d14-b181-22045286272f","좌측·우측 전위와 담화 기능","jwacheuk-ucheuk-jeonwi",233,{"id":1178,"title":1179,"slug":1180,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1181},"01a07863-d75d-772e-9d3e-5b6275433f2d","분열문과 초점 구조","bunyeolmun-gwa-chojeom-gujo",234,{"id":1183,"title":1184,"slug":1185,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1186},"01a07863-dc88-7813-ac0c-b5506052d4fc","수사적 생략과 여백의 효과","susajeok-saengnyak-gwa-yeobaek",235,{"id":1188,"title":1189,"slug":1190,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1191},"01a07863-dc1b-7dc0-832f-4f108853f305","상호 텍스트성과 변형 인용","sangho-tekseuteuseong-byeonhyeong-inyong",236,{"id":1193,"title":1194,"slug":1195,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1196},"01a07863-d979-798b-b0e1-1f25c0511cbb","한자어 중심 문체의 압축성","hanjaeo-jungsim-munche-ui-apchukseong",237,{"id":1198,"title":1199,"slug":1200,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1201},"01a07863-d6ec-7d59-96d2-3ffd339ca6c2","법률·행정 문체의 문법","beomnyul-haengjeong-munche-ui-munbeop",238,{"id":1203,"title":1204,"slug":1205,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1206},"01a07863-d95e-724f-aebc-136eef75e32d","학술 문체의 고도 명사화","haksul-munche-ui-godo-myeongsahwa",239,{"id":1208,"title":1209,"slug":1210,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1211},"01a07863-db4f-75fe-832e-52c746aeace4","문학 서사의 시점과 화자","munhak-seosa-ui-sijeom-gwa-hwaja",240,{"id":1213,"title":1214,"slug":1215,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1216},"01a07863-da34-7109-a69e-dcc4f425ced7","자유 간접 화법과 의식의 표현","jayu-ganjeop-hwabeop",241,{"id":1218,"title":1219,"slug":1220,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1221},"01a07863-dc71-7158-bad9-cc4b5c91a482","속담·관용구의 변형과 재맥락화","sokdam-gwanyonggu-byeonhyeong",242,{"id":1223,"title":1224,"slug":1225,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1226},"01a07863-dcb3-7256-be14-3efead0203a1","의성어·의태어의 파생과 활용","uiseongeo-uitaeeo-pasaeng-hwaryong",243,{"id":1228,"title":1229,"slug":1230,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1231},"01a07863-dc69-7a26-9a3b-aaffc3c91e21","신조어의 파생 문법과 확장","sinjoeo-ui-pasaeng-munbeop",244,{"id":1233,"title":1234,"slug":1235,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1236},"01a07863-db09-7a45-a9a7-3b2525079877","중의성과 응집성을 다듬는 고급 퇴고","junguiseong-eungjipseong-gogeup-toego",245,{"id":932,"title":933,"slug":934,"seoDescription":1238,"content":1239,"language":9,"level":899,"displayOrder":935,"grammarTopics":1240,"createdAt":1246,"updatedAt":1247,"vocabularyLists":1248,"primaryTopicHub":1550,"readyImages":1552},"C1 수준에서 '-았\u002F었더라면', '-(으)ㄹ 텐데', '-(으)ㄹ걸 그랬다', '-았\u002F었어야 했다'를 활용해 과거 사실과 반대되는 조건·결과·후회를 표현하고, 가정의 개방성 및 비판의 강도를 실제 담화의 맥락과 격식에 맞게 정교하게 조절하는 방법을 익힙니다.","**반사실 가정**은 실제로 일어난 일과 반대되는 조건을 세워 다른 결과를 상상하는 방식이다. 한국어에서는 조건절의 **-았\u002F었더라면**과 결과절의 **-(으)ㄹ 텐데**가 결합해 ‘그때 상황이 달랐다면 결과도 달랐을 것’이라는 뜻을 선명하게 만든다.\n\n이 구조는 단순한 논리 관계만 나타내지 않는다. 지나간 선택을 평가하고, 아쉬움이나 안도, 때로는 상대를 향한 비판까지 전달한다. 따라서 형태뿐 아니라 사실 관계와 대인적 효과를 함께 읽어야 한다.\n\n이 글을 마치면 다음을 할 수 있다.\n\n- 열린 조건과 반사실 조건을 구별한다.\n- 조건절과 결과절의 시점을 일관되게 연결한다.\n- **-(으)ㄹ걸 그랬다**, **-았\u002F었어야 했다** 등 후회 표현의 강도를 조절한다.\n- 생략된 주체와 결과에서 암시되는 비판을 해석한다.\n\n## 1. 실제 사실을 뒤집어 대안 세계 만들기\n\n반사실 문장은 보통 실제 사실 두 가지를 전제로 한다. 조건절은 원인의 반대를, 결과절은 실제 결과의 대안을 제시한다.\n\n| 실제 세계 | 반사실 세계 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 자료를 백업하지 않았다. | 자료를 **백업했더라면** |\n| 파일을 복구하지 못했다. | 파일을 **복구할 수 있었을 텐데** |\n\n:::example\n**자료를 백업했더라면 파일을 복구할 수 있었을 텐데.**\n\n이 문장은 대체로 ‘자료를 백업하지 않았고, 그래서 파일을 복구하지 못했다’는 사실을 함축한다. 화자는 그 결과를 아쉬워하거나 과거의 결정을 비판적으로 평가한다.\n:::\n\n조건과 결과 가운데 하나는 맥락상 분명하면 생략할 수 있다.\n\n- *조금만 더 일찍 알았더라면…* → 달리 행동했을 것이라는 결과와 아쉬움이 생략됨\n- *그때는 상황이 달라졌을 텐데.* → 어떤 조건이 충족되지 않았는지는 앞 문맥에서 찾음\n\n## 2. 반사실 조건과 결과를 만드는 형식\n\n### 2.1 조건절 만들기\n\n| 바탕 형태 | 반사실 조건 | 예 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 동사 | **-았\u002F었더라면** | 미리 **출발했더라면** |\n| 형용사 | **-았\u002F었더라면** | 방이 더 **조용했더라면** |\n| 명사 | **이었\u002F였더라면** | 내가 담당자**였더라면** |\n| 부정 | **-지 않았더라면** | 경고를 **무시하지 않았더라면** |\n\n회상적인 ‘-더-’가 들어간 **-았\u002F었더라면**은 이미 지나간 조건을 되돌아보는 효과가 강하다. **-았\u002F었으면**도 과거 반사실을 나타낼 수 있지만, 소망이나 단순 조건으로 해석될 여지가 더 넓다.\n\n### 2.2 결과절 만들기\n\n| 결과 표현 | 의미 초점 | 예 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| **-았\u002F었을 것이다** | 대안 결과에 대한 비교적 중립적인 추정 | 비용이 훨씬 줄었을 것이다. |\n| **-(으)ㄹ 텐데** | 기대했던 결과와 현실의 어긋남 | 지금쯤 도착했을 텐데. |\n| **-(으)ㄹ 수 있었을 텐데** | 실현되지 못한 가능성 | 문제를 막을 수 있었을 텐데. |\n| **-았\u002F었을지도 모른다** | 대안 결과의 가능성을 조심스럽게 제시 | 오해가 더 커졌을지도 모른다. |\n\n:::tip\n과거에 실현되지 않은 **가능성**을 강조하려면 ‘-을 수 있었다’만 쓰기보다 **-을 수 있었을 텐데**를 쓰면 현실과의 대비와 아쉬움이 더 분명해진다.\n:::\n\n## 3. 모든 ‘-면’ 조건이 반사실은 아니다\n\n조건의 *개방성*은 화자가 그 조건을 사실, 가능, 불가능 중 무엇으로 보는지를 뜻한다. 형태 하나만 보고 반사실 여부를 결정할 수 없고 시점과 맥락을 함께 보아야 한다.\n\n| 문장 | 조건의 성격 | 해석 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 시간이 남으면 박물관에 가자. | 열린 조건 | 시간이 남을지 아직 모름 |\n| 내가 담당자라면 즉시 공개하겠다. | 현재의 가상 조건 | 실제로 담당자가 아님을 암시할 수 있음 |\n| 미리 확인했더라면 오류를 막았을 텐데. | 과거 반사실 | 확인하지 않았고 오류가 발생했음을 함축 |\n| 그가 정말 현장에 있었더라면 이 기록을 설명할 수 있다. | 과거에 대한 가설 | 그가 있었는지는 아직 확정되지 않을 수 있음 |\n\n마지막 문장처럼 **-았\u002F었더라면**도 추리·논증 맥락에서는 과거 사실의 반대를 단정하지 않고 ‘그 가설이 참이라면’이라는 뜻으로 쓰일 수 있다. 반사실 해석은 대개 강하지만 절대적인 것은 아니다.\n\n:::note\n부사 **만약**은 조건을 눈에 띄게 할 뿐, 그 자체로 반사실성을 만들지 않는다. *만약 비가 오면 취소한다*는 열린 조건이고, *만약 비가 오지 않았더라면 진행했을 텐데*는 과거 반사실이다.\n:::\n\n## 4. 후회를 표현하는 네 가지 관점\n\n후회 표현은 모두 과거를 부정적으로 평가하지만, 무엇을 전면에 놓는지가 다르다.\n\n| 표현 | 초점과 어조 | 예 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| **-(으)ㄹ걸 그랬다** | 하지 않은 행동에 대한 구어적·개인적 아쉬움 | 우산을 **가져올걸 그랬다**. |\n| **-았\u002F었어야 했다** | 지키지 못한 의무·최선에 대한 강한 평가 | 출처를 먼저 **확인했어야 했다**. |\n| **-지 말았어야 했다** | 실제로 한 행동을 부정적으로 평가 | 확인되지 않은 말을 **옮기지 말았어야 했다**. |\n| **-았\u002F었으면 좋았을 텐데** | 바람직했던 대안을 비교적 완곡하게 제시 | 시간이 조금 더 **있었으면 좋았을 텐데**. |\n\n**-(으)ㄹ걸 그랬다**의 ‘-(으)ㄹ걸’은 어미이므로 앞말에 붙여 쓴다. 뒤의 ‘그랬다’가 생략된 *좀 더 기다릴걸*도 대화에서 자연스럽다.\n\n:::example\n**같은 사건, 다른 평가**\n\n- *회의 전에 자료를 **읽어 볼걸 그랬다**.* → 개인적인 아쉬움\n- *회의 전에 자료를 **읽어 봤어야 했다**.* → 준비 의무를 다하지 못했다는 자책\n- *검토도 없이 결론을 **내리지 말았어야 했다**.* → 실제 행동에 대한 강한 부정적 평가\n- *검토할 시간이 조금 더 **있었으면 좋았을 텐데**.* → 상황을 탓하는 완곡한 아쉬움\n:::\n\n## 5. 후회가 상대 비판으로 바뀌는 순간\n\n반사실 표현은 주어를 자주 생략한다. 그 결과 말하는 사람은 단순한 아쉬움이라고 생각해도, 듣는 사람은 자신을 향한 비난으로 받아들일 수 있다.\n\n- *조금만 일찍 **알려 줬더라면** 좋았을 텐데요.* → ‘당신이 늦게 알렸다’는 비판 가능\n- *자료를 미리 **확인했어야죠**.* → 상대가 의무를 어겼다는 직접적인 책망\n- *일정이 조금 더 일찍 **공유되었으면** 대응하기 쉬웠을 것 같습니다.* → 행위자를 배경화한 완곡한 문제 제기\n\n비판을 줄이려면 책임 주체를 무조건 숨기기보다, 공동의 대안이나 다음 행동을 함께 제시하는 편이 효과적이다.\n\n1. 사실을 감정 없이 밝힌다: *일정이 어제 변경되었습니다.*\n2. 놓친 가능성을 설명한다: *조금 더 일찍 알았더라면 인력을 조정할 수 있었을 텐데요.*\n3. 앞으로의 대안을 제안한다: *다음부터는 변경 즉시 공유하는 절차를 만들면 좋겠습니다.*\n\n:::warning\n**-았\u002F었어야 했다**는 의무 위반을 평가하므로 주어가 상대이면 비판의 강도가 높다. 협업 상황에서는 책임을 명확히 하되, 인신 평가가 아니라 구체적인 행동과 개선책에 초점을 맞춘다.\n:::\n\n## 6. 조건과 결과의 시간 관계 맞추기\n\n반사실 문장은 조건이 바뀌는 시점과 그 영향이 나타나는 시점을 정확히 연결해야 한다.\n\n- 과거 조건 → 과거 결과: *어제 출발했더라면 **행사에 참석했을 텐데**.*\n- 과거 조건 → 현재 결과: *그때 치료를 시작했더라면 **지금은 훨씬 건강할 텐데**.*\n- 과거 조건 → 미래 결과: *지난달에 계약했더라면 **내년에도 같은 가격을 적용받을 텐데**.*\n\n결과절의 **-았\u002F었-**은 대안 결과가 과거에 완료되었음을, 현재형 **-(으)ㄹ 텐데**는 그 결과가 현재나 미래에 이어짐을 나타낼 수 있다. 무조건 시제 형태를 똑같이 맞추는 것이 아니라 사건의 실제 시간선을 맞춰야 한다.\n\n:::example\n*그때 백업 체계를 만들었더라면 지난주 장애 때 자료를 잃지 **않았을 것이고**, 지금 복구 작업을 하느라 시간을 쓰지도 **않을 텐데**.*\n\n하나의 과거 조건이 과거의 손실과 현재의 부담이라는 두 결과로 이어진다.\n:::\n\n## 7. 실전 구성과 핵심 정리\n\n반사실 문장을 만들 때는 다음 순서가 유용하다.\n\n1. 실제로 일어난 조건과 결과를 각각 한 문장으로 적는다.\n2. 바꾸어 상상할 조건을 **-았\u002F었더라면**으로 표시한다.\n3. 대안 결과의 시점을 정해 **-았\u002F었을 것이다** 또는 **-(으)ㄹ 텐데**를 고른다.\n4. 후회, 안도, 비판 중 어떤 평가를 전달할지 결정한다.\n5. 상대에게 책임을 묻는 문장이라면 강도와 개선책을 다시 점검한다.\n\n| 의도 | 적합한 선택 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 과거 사실과 반대되는 조건 제시 | **-았\u002F었더라면** |\n| 현실과 어긋난 예상 결과 강조 | **-(으)ㄹ 텐데** |\n| 놓친 가능성 강조 | **-(으)ㄹ 수 있었을 텐데** |\n| 하지 않은 행동을 아쉬워함 | **-(으)ㄹ걸 그랬다** |\n| 의무 불이행을 강하게 평가함 | **-았\u002F었어야 했다** |\n| 비판을 낮추며 바람직한 대안 제시 | **-았\u002F었으면 좋았을 텐데** |\n\n반사실 가정은 과거를 바꿀 수 있다는 뜻이 아니라, **사실과 대안을 대비해 현재의 평가를 드러내는 방식**이다. 조건의 개방성, 결과의 시점, 후회의 강도를 함께 조절하면 논리적으로 정확하면서도 관계에 맞는 표현을 만들 수 있다.",[1241],{"id":1242,"name":1243,"level":899,"language":9,"isCompleted":1244,"completionPercentage":1245,"totalExercises":51,"completedExercises":1245},"01a09c0b-58d1-7936-b72d-cf62ee33f351","확실성·증거·반사실의 양태",false,0,"2026-09-06T20:23:24+00:00","2026-10-11T12:53:37+00:00",[1249],{"id":1250,"title":1251,"vocabularyListWords":1252,"isPublished":1265},"01a07865-2aa0-7b1f-829f-c381e5e88003","반사실 가정과 후회의 핵심어",[1253,1267,1279,1291,1303,1315,1327,1338,1348,1358,1371,1381,1391,1401,1411,1421,1431,1441,1451,1461,1473,1485,1495,1505,1515,1525,1537],{"id":1254,"vocabularyWord":1255,"displayOrder":11},"01a07865-2aa0-7b83-829f-c381e6139d10",{"id":1256,"word":1257,"frequency":36,"level":899,"language":9,"audioFilePath":1258,"partsOfSpeech":1259,"audio":1265,"audioUrl":1266},"01a07864-26c8-74f6-8485-9c8e071224ff","반사실","tts_f1408cb318badf65_ko-KR.mp3",[1260],{"id":1261,"partOfSpeech":1262,"definition":1263,"exampleSentences":1264,"isPrimary":1265,"meaningOrder":11},"01a07864-26df-77fc-99e9-891cca5c8b2c","NOUN","실제 사실과 반대되는 조건을 가정하는 생각이나 표현.","보고서는 반사실 가정을 통해 정책의 결과를 비교했어요.",true,"\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_f1408cb318badf65_ko-KR.mp3",{"id":1268,"vocabularyWord":1269,"displayOrder":16},"01a07865-2aa0-7bbb-829f-c381e68dcf57",{"id":1270,"word":1271,"frequency":46,"level":899,"language":9,"audioFilePath":1272,"partsOfSpeech":1273,"audio":1265,"audioUrl":1278},"01a07864-26ce-7163-98a3-0c3b77e91769","가정","tts_99589261275b75b2_ko-KR.mp3",[1274],{"id":1275,"partOfSpeech":1262,"definition":1276,"exampleSentences":1277,"isPrimary":1265,"meaningOrder":11},"01a07864-26e0-716b-937e-5071543e5a28","사실인지 확정되지 않은 내용을 논의의 조건으로 세움.","그 가정이 틀리면 뒤의 결론도 성립하지 않는다.","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_99589261275b75b2_ko-KR.mp3",{"id":1280,"vocabularyWord":1281,"displayOrder":21},"01a07865-2aa0-7bdf-829f-c381e7348e9b",{"id":1282,"word":1283,"frequency":41,"level":452,"language":9,"audioFilePath":1284,"partsOfSpeech":1285,"audio":1265,"audioUrl":1290},"01a07864-26bd-79b6-a9ca-0f1ac38e0fe7","조건","tts_ac78837972c920fb_ko-KR.mp3",[1286],{"id":1287,"partOfSpeech":1288,"definition":1289,"isPrimary":1265,"meaningOrder":11},"01a07864-26de-7661-a844-233c2fcb6492","PARTICLE","","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_ac78837972c920fb_ko-KR.mp3",{"id":1292,"vocabularyWord":1293,"displayOrder":26},"01a07865-2aa0-7c03-829f-c381e7b96b26",{"id":1294,"word":1295,"frequency":51,"level":683,"language":9,"audioFilePath":1296,"partsOfSpeech":1297,"audio":1265,"audioUrl":1302},"01a07864-260a-7919-98d6-bf8acc439099","과거","tts_afcdba9107ad2978_ko-KR.mp3",[1298],{"id":1299,"partOfSpeech":1262,"definition":1300,"exampleSentences":1301,"isPrimary":1265,"meaningOrder":11},"01a07864-2643-7321-9212-b63301129a94","지금보다 앞선 시간이나 이미 지나간 시기.","이 지역은 과거에 큰 항구로 번성했다.","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_afcdba9107ad2978_ko-KR.mp3",{"id":1304,"vocabularyWord":1305,"displayOrder":31},"01a07865-2aa0-7c23-829f-c381e86163ca",{"id":1306,"word":1307,"frequency":51,"level":452,"language":9,"audioFilePath":1308,"partsOfSpeech":1309,"audio":1265,"audioUrl":1314},"01a07864-24df-75cb-ae66-e0b16aca6424","결과","tts_04a84be9efbd2320_ko-KR.mp3",[1310],{"id":1311,"partOfSpeech":1262,"definition":1312,"exampleSentences":1313,"isPrimary":1265,"meaningOrder":11},"01a07864-250e-737b-9263-08ecd153cefc","어떤 행동이나 과정 뒤에 나타난 일이나 상태.","실험 결과를 표로 정리했어요.","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_04a84be9efbd2320_ko-KR.mp3",{"id":1316,"vocabularyWord":1317,"displayOrder":36},"01a07865-2aa0-7c43-829f-c381e933cea4",{"id":1318,"word":1319,"frequency":41,"level":683,"language":9,"audioFilePath":1320,"partsOfSpeech":1321,"audio":1265,"audioUrl":1326},"01a07864-260c-7b82-bf2e-2e506cec2dd0","회상","tts_fab1c2a241e9ce6e_ko-KR.mp3",[1322],{"id":1323,"partOfSpeech":1262,"definition":1324,"exampleSentences":1325,"isPrimary":1265,"meaningOrder":11},"01a07864-2643-76a1-9212-b633036a3d6a","지난 일을 마음속에 다시 떠올림.","작가는 어린 시절에 대한 회상을 글에 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구성하기",{"id":1599,"title":1600,"order":11,"type":1570},"01a07863-e05b-7409-bd26-e56fff524d12","후회와 비판의 거리 조절하기",{"id":1602,"title":1603,"order":16,"type":1577},"01a07863-e074-7407-a893-910ef1d0b58d","Build counterfactual sentences",[1605,1611,1615],{"@id":1606,"@type":1607,"id":1596,"grammarPage":1608,"title":1597,"instructions":1609,"displayOrder":1245,"type":1570,"questionCount":81,"blankCount":81,"isCompleted":1244,"ogImageUrl":1610},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a07863-e044-7948-aee4-b271a0012912","GrammarExercise","\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_pages\u002F01a07863-d6e0-7357-993e-c2eafc046c16","실제 사실, 조건의 개방성, 결과가 나타나는 시점을 살펴보고 문맥에 가장 알맞은 표현을 고르세요.","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_4d00c7d2-fe51-436a-b974-488eed090274_hero.webp?v=1788726206",{"@id":1612,"@type":1607,"id":1599,"grammarPage":1608,"title":1600,"instructions":1613,"displayOrder":11,"type":1570,"questionCount":76,"blankCount":76,"isCompleted":1244,"ogImageUrl":1614},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a07863-e05b-7409-bd26-e56fff524d12","후회의 초점, 책임의 주체, 대화의 격식을 고려하여 아쉬움과 비판의 강도에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_1222e723-e36e-48c1-8aa9-4249a8a53090_hero.webp?v=1788726206",{"@id":1616,"@type":1607,"id":1602,"grammarPage":1608,"title":1603,"instructions":1617,"displayOrder":16,"type":1577,"questionCount":66,"blankCount":66,"isCompleted":1244,"ogImageUrl":1618},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a07863-e074-7407-a893-910ef1d0b58d","Arrange the tiles to match the stated facts and meaning. Each question includes two or three tiles that you do not need.","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_b258b403-ad54-40e7-8d4c-ef6d6d95ddc0_hero.webp?v=1788726206",{"id":1596,"grammarPage":1608,"title":1597,"instructions":1609,"seoTitle":1620,"seoDescription":1621,"displayOrder":1245,"type":1570,"questions":1622,"ogImageUrl":1610},"'-었더라면'으로 엇갈린 과거 다시 쓰기","실제와 반대되는 과거를 가정하는 '-었더라면'과 '-(으)ㄹ 텐데'를 문맥에 맞게 고르는 빈칸 연습이에요. 서버 자료 유출, 시끄러운 방의 인터뷰 녹음처럼 실제 사실과 조건의 개방성, 결과 시점을 따져 반사실 문장을 완성해요. 결과의 시점을 문맥으로 판단해요.",[1623],{"id":1624,"sentenceTemplate":1625,"displayOrder":1245,"explanation":1626,"exampleSentence":1627,"blanks":1628},"01a07863-e044-7be8-aee4-b271a1c2be46","서버 자료는 암호화되지 않았고 결국 외부로 유출되었다. 미리 자료를 __1__ 유출을 막을 수 있었을 텐데.","이미 하지 않은 조치를 실제와 반대로 가정하므로 과거 반사실 조건인 ‘암호화했더라면’이 알맞다.","접근 권한을 더 엄격히 제한했더라면 정보가 새어 나가지 않았을 것이다.",[1629],{"id":1630,"blankNumber":11,"options":1631},"01a07863-e044-7b98-aee4-b271a1a4f003",[1632,1635,1638],{"id":1633,"optionText":1634,"isCorrect":1244,"displayOrder":1245},"01a07863-e044-7af4-aee4-b271a02936f0","암호화한다면",{"id":1636,"optionText":1637,"isCorrect":1265,"displayOrder":11},"01a07863-e044-7b48-aee4-b271a0afa4ca","암호화했더라면",{"id":1639,"optionText":1640,"isCorrect":1244,"displayOrder":16},"01a07863-e044-7b74-aee4-b271a0c835de","암호화할 때",{"html":1642,"toc":1643},"\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>반사실 가정\u003C\u002Fstrong>은 실제로 일어난 일과 반대되는 조건을 세워 다른 결과를 상상하는 방식이다. 한국어에서는 조건절의 \u003Cstrong>-았\u002F었더라면\u003C\u002Fstrong>과 결과절의 \u003Cstrong>-(으)ㄹ 텐데\u003C\u002Fstrong>가 결합해 ‘그때 상황이 달랐다면 결과도 달랐을 것’이라는 뜻을 선명하게 만든다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>이 구조는 단순한 논리 관계만 나타내지 않는다. 지나간 선택을 평가하고, 아쉬움이나 안도, 때로는 상대를 향한 비판까지 전달한다. 따라서 형태뿐 아니라 사실 관계와 대인적 효과를 함께 읽어야 한다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>이 글을 마치면 다음을 할 수 있다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>열린 조건과 반사실 조건을 구별한다.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>조건절과 결과절의 시점을 일관되게 연결한다.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>-(으)ㄹ걸 그랬다\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>-았\u002F었어야 했다\u003C\u002Fstrong> 등 후회 표현의 강도를 조절한다.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>생략된 주체와 결과에서 암시되는 비판을 해석한다.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">1.\u003C\u002Fspan>실제 사실을 뒤집어 대안 세계 만들기\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>반사실 문장은 보통 실제 사실 두 가지를 전제로 한다. 조건절은 원인의 반대를, 결과절은 실제 결과의 대안을 제시한다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>실제 세계\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>반사실 세계\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>자료를 백업하지 않았다.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>자료를 \u003Cstrong>백업했더라면\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>파일을 복구하지 못했다.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>파일을 \u003Cstrong>복구할 수 있었을 텐데\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>자료를 백업했더라면 파일을 복구할 수 있었을 텐데.\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>이 문장은 대체로 ‘자료를 백업하지 않았고, 그래서 파일을 복구하지 못했다’는 사실을 함축한다. 화자는 그 결과를 아쉬워하거나 과거의 결정을 비판적으로 평가한다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>조건과 결과 가운데 하나는 맥락상 분명하면 생략할 수 있다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cem>조금만 더 일찍 알았더라면…\u003C\u002Fem> → 달리 행동했을 것이라는 결과와 아쉬움이 생략됨\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cem>그때는 상황이 달라졌을 텐데.\u003C\u002Fem> → 어떤 조건이 충족되지 않았는지는 앞 문맥에서 찾음\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-2\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">2.\u003C\u002Fspan>반사실 조건과 결과를 만드는 형식\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3 id=\"section-3\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">2.1\u003C\u002Fspan>조건절 만들기\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>바탕 형태\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>반사실 조건\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>예\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>동사\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>-았\u002F었더라면\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>미리 \u003Cstrong>출발했더라면\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>형용사\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>-았\u002F었더라면\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>방이 더 \u003Cstrong>조용했더라면\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>명사\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>이었\u002F였더라면\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>내가 담당자\u003Cstrong>였더라면\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>부정\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>-지 않았더라면\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>경고를 \u003Cstrong>무시하지 않았더라면\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>회상적인 ‘-더-’가 들어간 \u003Cstrong>-았\u002F었더라면\u003C\u002Fstrong>은 이미 지나간 조건을 되돌아보는 효과가 강하다. \u003Cstrong>-았\u002F었으면\u003C\u002Fstrong>도 과거 반사실을 나타낼 수 있지만, 소망이나 단순 조건으로 해석될 여지가 더 넓다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3 id=\"section-4\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">2.2\u003C\u002Fspan>결과절 만들기\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>결과 표현\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>의미 초점\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>예\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>-았\u002F었을 것이다\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>대안 결과에 대한 비교적 중립적인 추정\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>비용이 훨씬 줄었을 것이다.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>-(으)ㄹ 텐데\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>기대했던 결과와 현실의 어긋남\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>지금쯤 도착했을 텐데.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>-(으)ㄹ 수 있었을 텐데\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>실현되지 못한 가능성\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>문제를 막을 수 있었을 텐데.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>-았\u002F었을지도 모른다\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>대안 결과의 가능성을 조심스럽게 제시\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>오해가 더 커졌을지도 모른다.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--tip\">\u003Cp>과거에 실현되지 않은 \u003Cstrong>가능성\u003C\u002Fstrong>을 강조하려면 ‘-을 수 있었다’만 쓰기보다 \u003Cstrong>-을 수 있었을 텐데\u003C\u002Fstrong>를 쓰면 현실과의 대비와 아쉬움이 더 분명해진다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"-\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">3.\u003C\u002Fspan>모든 ‘-면’ 조건이 반사실은 아니다\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>조건의 \u003Cem>개방성\u003C\u002Fem>은 화자가 그 조건을 사실, 가능, 불가능 중 무엇으로 보는지를 뜻한다. 형태 하나만 보고 반사실 여부를 결정할 수 없고 시점과 맥락을 함께 보아야 한다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>문장\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>조건의 성격\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>해석\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>시간이 남으면 박물관에 가자.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>열린 조건\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>시간이 남을지 아직 모름\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>내가 담당자라면 즉시 공개하겠다.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>현재의 가상 조건\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>실제로 담당자가 아님을 암시할 수 있음\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>미리 확인했더라면 오류를 막았을 텐데.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>과거 반사실\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>확인하지 않았고 오류가 발생했음을 함축\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>그가 정말 현장에 있었더라면 이 기록을 설명할 수 있다.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>과거에 대한 가설\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>그가 있었는지는 아직 확정되지 않을 수 있음\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>마지막 문장처럼 \u003Cstrong>-았\u002F었더라면\u003C\u002Fstrong>도 추리·논증 맥락에서는 과거 사실의 반대를 단정하지 않고 ‘그 가설이 참이라면’이라는 뜻으로 쓰일 수 있다. 반사실 해석은 대개 강하지만 절대적인 것은 아니다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--note\">\u003Cp>부사 \u003Cstrong>만약\u003C\u002Fstrong>은 조건을 눈에 띄게 할 뿐, 그 자체로 반사실성을 만들지 않는다. \u003Cem>만약 비가 오면 취소한다\u003C\u002Fem>는 열린 조건이고, \u003Cem>만약 비가 오지 않았더라면 진행했을 텐데\u003C\u002Fem>는 과거 반사실이다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-5\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">4.\u003C\u002Fspan>후회를 표현하는 네 가지 관점\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>후회 표현은 모두 과거를 부정적으로 평가하지만, 무엇을 전면에 놓는지가 다르다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>표현\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>초점과 어조\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>예\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>-(으)ㄹ걸 그랬다\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>하지 않은 행동에 대한 구어적·개인적 아쉬움\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>우산을 \u003Cstrong>가져올걸 그랬다\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>-았\u002F었어야 했다\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>지키지 못한 의무·최선에 대한 강한 평가\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>출처를 먼저 \u003Cstrong>확인했어야 했다\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>-지 말았어야 했다\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>실제로 한 행동을 부정적으로 평가\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>확인되지 않은 말을 \u003Cstrong>옮기지 말았어야 했다\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>-았\u002F었으면 좋았을 텐데\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>바람직했던 대안을 비교적 완곡하게 제시\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>시간이 조금 더 \u003Cstrong>있었으면 좋았을 텐데\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>-(으)ㄹ걸 그랬다\u003C\u002Fstrong>의 ‘-(으)ㄹ걸’은 어미이므로 앞말에 붙여 쓴다. 뒤의 ‘그랬다’가 생략된 \u003Cem>좀 더 기다릴걸\u003C\u002Fem>도 대화에서 자연스럽다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>같은 사건, 다른 평가\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cem>회의 전에 자료를 \u003Cstrong>읽어 볼걸 그랬다\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fem> → 개인적인 아쉬움\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cem>회의 전에 자료를 \u003Cstrong>읽어 봤어야 했다\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fem> → 준비 의무를 다하지 못했다는 자책\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cem>검토도 없이 결론을 \u003Cstrong>내리지 말았어야 했다\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fem> → 실제 행동에 대한 강한 부정적 평가\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cem>검토할 시간이 조금 더 \u003Cstrong>있었으면 좋았을 텐데\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fem> → 상황을 탓하는 완곡한 아쉬움\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-6\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">5.\u003C\u002Fspan>후회가 상대 비판으로 바뀌는 순간\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>반사실 표현은 주어를 자주 생략한다. 그 결과 말하는 사람은 단순한 아쉬움이라고 생각해도, 듣는 사람은 자신을 향한 비난으로 받아들일 수 있다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cem>조금만 일찍 \u003Cstrong>알려 줬더라면\u003C\u002Fstrong> 좋았을 텐데요.\u003C\u002Fem> → ‘당신이 늦게 알렸다’는 비판 가능\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cem>자료를 미리 \u003Cstrong>확인했어야죠\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fem> → 상대가 의무를 어겼다는 직접적인 책망\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cem>일정이 조금 더 일찍 \u003Cstrong>공유되었으면\u003C\u002Fstrong> 대응하기 쉬웠을 것 같습니다.\u003C\u002Fem> → 행위자를 배경화한 완곡한 문제 제기\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>비판을 줄이려면 책임 주체를 무조건 숨기기보다, 공동의 대안이나 다음 행동을 함께 제시하는 편이 효과적이다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Col>\n\u003Cli>사실을 감정 없이 밝힌다: \u003Cem>일정이 어제 변경되었습니다.\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>놓친 가능성을 설명한다: \u003Cem>조금 더 일찍 알았더라면 인력을 조정할 수 있었을 텐데요.\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>앞으로의 대안을 제안한다: \u003Cem>다음부터는 변경 즉시 공유하는 절차를 만들면 좋겠습니다.\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Fol>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--warning\">\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>-았\u002F었어야 했다\u003C\u002Fstrong>는 의무 위반을 평가하므로 주어가 상대이면 비판의 강도가 높다. 협업 상황에서는 책임을 명확히 하되, 인신 평가가 아니라 구체적인 행동과 개선책에 초점을 맞춘다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-7\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">6.\u003C\u002Fspan>조건과 결과의 시간 관계 맞추기\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>반사실 문장은 조건이 바뀌는 시점과 그 영향이 나타나는 시점을 정확히 연결해야 한다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>과거 조건 → 과거 결과: \u003Cem>어제 출발했더라면 \u003Cstrong>행사에 참석했을 텐데\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>과거 조건 → 현재 결과: \u003Cem>그때 치료를 시작했더라면 \u003Cstrong>지금은 훨씬 건강할 텐데\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>과거 조건 → 미래 결과: \u003Cem>지난달에 계약했더라면 \u003Cstrong>내년에도 같은 가격을 적용받을 텐데\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>결과절의 **-았\u002F었-**은 대안 결과가 과거에 완료되었음을, 현재형 \u003Cstrong>-(으)ㄹ 텐데\u003C\u002Fstrong>는 그 결과가 현재나 미래에 이어짐을 나타낼 수 있다. 무조건 시제 형태를 똑같이 맞추는 것이 아니라 사건의 실제 시간선을 맞춰야 한다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>\u003Cem>그때 백업 체계를 만들었더라면 지난주 장애 때 자료를 잃지 \u003Cstrong>않았을 것이고\u003C\u002Fstrong>, 지금 복구 작업을 하느라 시간을 쓰지도 \u003Cstrong>않을 텐데\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>하나의 과거 조건이 과거의 손실과 현재의 부담이라는 두 결과로 이어진다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-8\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">7.\u003C\u002Fspan>실전 구성과 핵심 정리\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>반사실 문장을 만들 때는 다음 순서가 유용하다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Col>\n\u003Cli>실제로 일어난 조건과 결과를 각각 한 문장으로 적는다.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>바꾸어 상상할 조건을 \u003Cstrong>-았\u002F었더라면\u003C\u002Fstrong>으로 표시한다.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>대안 결과의 시점을 정해 \u003Cstrong>-았\u002F었을 것이다\u003C\u002Fstrong> 또는 \u003Cstrong>-(으)ㄹ 텐데\u003C\u002Fstrong>를 고른다.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>후회, 안도, 비판 중 어떤 평가를 전달할지 결정한다.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>상대에게 책임을 묻는 문장이라면 강도와 개선책을 다시 점검한다.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Fol>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>의도\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>적합한 선택\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>과거 사실과 반대되는 조건 제시\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>-았\u002F었더라면\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>현실과 어긋난 예상 결과 강조\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>-(으)ㄹ 텐데\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>놓친 가능성 강조\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>-(으)ㄹ 수 있었을 텐데\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>하지 않은 행동을 아쉬워함\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>-(으)ㄹ걸 그랬다\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>의무 불이행을 강하게 평가함\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>-았\u002F었어야 했다\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>비판을 낮추며 바람직한 대안 제시\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>-았\u002F었으면 좋았을 텐데\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>반사실 가정은 과거를 바꿀 수 있다는 뜻이 아니라, \u003Cstrong>사실과 대안을 대비해 현재의 평가를 드러내는 방식\u003C\u002Fstrong>이다. 조건의 개방성, 결과의 시점, 후회의 강도를 함께 조절하면 논리적으로 정확하면서도 관계에 맞는 표현을 만들 수 있다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n",[1644,1648,1652,1656,1660,1664,1668,1672,1676],{"id":1645,"text":1646,"depth":16,"number":1647},"section","실제 사실을 뒤집어 대안 세계 만들기","1",{"id":1649,"text":1650,"depth":16,"number":1651},"section-2","반사실 조건과 결과를 만드는 형식","2",{"id":1653,"text":1654,"depth":21,"number":1655},"section-3","조건절 만들기","2.1",{"id":1657,"text":1658,"depth":21,"number":1659},"section-4","결과절 만들기","2.2",{"id":1661,"text":1662,"depth":16,"number":1663},"-","모든 ‘-면’ 조건이 반사실은 아니다","3",{"id":1665,"text":1666,"depth":16,"number":1667},"section-5","후회를 표현하는 네 가지 관점","4",{"id":1669,"text":1670,"depth":16,"number":1671},"section-6","후회가 상대 비판으로 바뀌는 순간","5",{"id":1673,"text":1674,"depth":16,"number":1675},"section-7","조건과 결과의 시간 관계 맞추기","6",{"id":1677,"text":1678,"depth":16,"number":1679},"section-8","실전 구성과 핵심 정리","7"]