[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"grammar-page-ko-jeogi-itda-gyeongheom":3,"grammar-exercises-by-page-01a07863-da46-7ed7-bda4-a0e75111ad1b":328,"exercise-list-path-ko-none":358},{"id":4,"title":5,"slug":6,"seoDescription":7,"content":8,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":11,"grammarTopics":12,"createdAt":19,"updatedAt":20,"vocabularyLists":21,"primaryTopicHub":325,"readyImages":327},"01a07863-da46-7ed7-bda4-a0e75111ad1b","'-(으)ㄴ 적이 있다' 경험","jeogi-itda-gyeongheom","과거에 어떤 일을 경험했는지 말하는 -(으)ㄴ 적이 있다\u002F없다를 배웁니다. 간 적, 먹은 적, 한 적처럼 동사 어간에 붙이는 규칙과 경험을 묻고 답하는 방법, 한 번도와 함께 쓰는 부정, 단순 과거와의 의미 차이를 생활 대화로 익힙니다. 자신의 경험도 직접 말해 봅니다.","과거부터 지금까지 어떤 행동을 경험했는지 말할 때 **-(으)ㄴ 적이 있다**를 사용해요. 경험이 없으면 **-(으)ㄴ 적이 없다**라고 해요.\n\n## 1. 경험이 있다와 없다\n\n**적**은 어떤 일이 있었던 때나 경험을 나타내요. *있어요*와 함께 쓰면 경험이 있고, *없어요*와 함께 쓰면 경험이 없다는 뜻이에요.\n\n:::example\n- 저는 제주도에 **간 적이 있어요**.\n- 한복을 **입은 적이 있어요**.\n- 한국 음식을 **만든 적이 없어요**.\n- 밤에 비행기를 **탄 적이 없어요**.\n:::\n\n| 뜻 | 형태 | 예 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 경험이 있음 | -(으)ㄴ 적이 **있어요** | 김치를 먹은 적이 있어요. |\n| 경험이 없음 | -(으)ㄴ 적이 **없어요** | 스키를 탄 적이 없어요. |\n\n## 2. 받침에 따라 형태 고르기\n\n동사 어간이 모음이나 **ㄹ**로 끝나면 **-ㄴ 적**, 다른 받침으로 끝나면 **-은 적**을 붙여요. *하다*는 **한 적**이 돼요.\n\n| 기본형 | 어간 끝 | 경험 표현 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 가다 | 모음 | **간 적** |\n| 보다 | 모음 | **본 적** |\n| 만들다 | ㄹ 받침 | **만든 적** |\n| 먹다 | 다른 받침 | **먹은 적** |\n| 읽다 | 다른 받침 | **읽은 적** |\n| 여행하다 | 하다 | **여행한 적** |\n\n:::tip\n먼저 동사의 **-다**를 빼요. 받침이 없거나 ㄹ 받침이면 -ㄴ, 그 밖의 받침이면 -은을 고르면 돼요.\n\nㄹ 받침 동사는 **-ㄴ** 앞에서 ㄹ이 없어져요. **만들다 → 만든**, **살다 → 산**, **놀다 → 논**처럼 만들어요.\n:::\n\n일부 불규칙 동사는 어간이 바뀌어요.\n\n| 기본형 | 경험 표현 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 듣다 | **들은 적** |\n| 돕다 | **도운 적** |\n| 걷다 | **걸은 적** |\n| 짓다 | **지은 적** |\n\n- ✗ 듣은 적 → ✓ **들은 적**\n- ✗ 돕은 적 → ✓ **도운 적**\n- ✗ 걷은 적 → ✓ **걸은 적**\n- ✗ 짓은 적 → ✓ **지은 적**\n\n:::warning\n형용사에는 **-(으)ㄴ 적**이 아니라 **-았\u002F었던 적**을 써요.\n\n✗ 바쁜 적이 있어요.\n\n✓ 바빴던 적이 있어요.\n\n✓ 아팠던 적이 있어요.\n:::\n\n## 3. 경험을 묻고 대답하기\n\n질문에서는 보통 **-(으)ㄴ 적이 있어요?**를 사용해요. 대답은 *네\u002F아니요* 뒤에 구체적인 정보를 더할 수 있어요.\n\n**-아\u002F어 본 적이 있다**도 어떤 일을 직접 시도하거나 경험했다는 뜻으로 자주 써요.\n\n| 표현 | 만드는 법 | 느낌 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| **간 적이 있어요** | 가다 → 간 적 | 단순히 간 경험을 말해요. |\n| **가 본 적이 있어요** | 가다 → 가 봤다 → 가 본 적 | 직접 가서 해 본 경험을 말해요. |\n| **먹어 본 적이 있어요** | 먹다 → 먹어 봤다 → 먹어 본 적 | 직접 먹어 본 경험을 말해요. |\n\n:::example\n**가:** 한국에 **가 본 적이 있어요?**\n\n**나:** 네, **간 적이 있어요**. 작년에 서울에 갔어요.\n\n**가:** 한복을 **입은 적이 있어요?**\n\n**나:** 아니요, 아직 **입은 적이 없어요**.\n:::\n\n## 4. 한 번도와 아직\n\n경험이 전혀 없음을 강조할 때는 **한 번도**를 쓰고, 지금까지는 없지만 앞으로 가능하다는 뜻에는 **아직**을 자주 써요.\n\n- 저는 해외에 **한 번도 간 적이 없어요**.\n- 그 영화를 **한 번도 본 적이 없어요**.\n- 저는 **아직 스키를 탄 적이 없어요**.\n- 한국어로 발표한 적은 **아직 없어요**.\n\n**한 번도**는 **한 번도 먹은 적이 없어요**처럼 적 앞에, **먹은 적이 한 번도 없어요**처럼 적 뒤에 둘 수 있어요. 마지막 예문의 **적은**은 **적 + 은**이에요. 발표 경험을 다른 경험과 비교하거나 강조할 때 써요.\n\n:::warning\n**한 번도**가 있는 부정 경험은 끝을 *있어요*로 쓰지 않아요.\n\n✓ 한 번도 먹은 적이 **없어요**.\n\n✗ 한 번도 먹은 적이 *있어요*.\n:::\n\n## 5. 단순 과거와 경험 비교하기\n\n단순 과거는 특정한 때에 일어난 일을 말하고, 경험 표현은 과거부터 지금까지 그런 일이 있었는지에 초점을 둬요.\n\n| 말하려는 내용 | 알맞은 문장 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 작년의 구체적인 여행 | 작년에 부산에 **갔어요**. |\n| 부산 방문 경험 | 부산에 **간 적이 있어요**. |\n| 어제 먹은 음식 | 어제 비빔밥을 **먹었어요**. |\n| 비빔밥을 먹어 본 경험 | 비빔밥을 **먹은 적이 있어요**. |\n\n:::note\n경험을 말한 뒤 *언제, 어디에서, 누구와* 같은 정보를 과거형으로 덧붙이면 대화가 더 자연스러워요.\n:::\n\n## 6. 핵심 정리\n\n1. 과거의 경험을 말할 동사를 골라요.\n2. 모음이나 ㄹ 뒤에는 **-ㄴ 적**, 다른 받침 뒤에는 **-은 적**을 붙여요.\n3. 경험이 있으면 **있어요**, 없으면 **없어요**를 써요.\n4. 전혀 없으면 **한 번도**, 지금까지 없으면 **아직**을 활용해요.\n\n특정한 과거 사건인지, 지금까지의 경험 여부인지 먼저 구별하면 알맞은 표현을 고를 수 있어요.","ko","A2",51,[13],{"id":14,"name":15,"level":10,"language":9,"isCompleted":16,"completionPercentage":17,"totalExercises":18,"completedExercises":17},"01a09c0b-5853-7bde-8872-3d7719b40108","경험과 시간의 흐름",false,0,13,"2026-09-06T20:23:24+00:00","2026-10-11T12:53:37+00:00",[22],{"id":23,"title":24,"vocabularyListWords":25,"isPublished":39},"01a07865-2cca-7c43-be75-fdeff39e690a","경험을 말하는 핵심 어휘",[26,42,56,75,93,104,117,134,147,159,171,184,195,205,218,231,244,257,269,281,292,303,314],{"id":27,"vocabularyWord":28,"displayOrder":40},"01a07865-2cca-7ca3-be75-fdeff46a6eda",{"id":29,"word":30,"frequency":31,"level":10,"language":9,"audioFilePath":32,"partsOfSpeech":33,"audio":39,"audioUrl":41},"01a07864-23d0-7533-87b5-01fa25f37155","경험",9,"tts_abc9966d22885984_ko-KR.mp3",[34],{"id":35,"partOfSpeech":36,"definition":37,"exampleSentences":38,"isPrimary":39,"meaningOrder":40},"01a07864-23e8-79e3-a7b1-1cdb3a5958c5","NOUN","실제로 어떤 일을 해 보거나 겪어 본 일.","해외에서 일한 경험이 제 진로를 바꾸었어요.",true,1,"\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_abc9966d22885984_ko-KR.mp3",{"id":43,"vocabularyWord":44,"displayOrder":55},"01a07865-2cca-7cd7-be75-fdeff53cc7e6",{"id":45,"word":46,"frequency":47,"level":10,"language":9,"audioFilePath":48,"partsOfSpeech":49,"audio":39,"audioUrl":54},"01a07864-27c0-7b4f-a899-822608b7fd27","적",10,"tts_93dc5bebe89ac7fd_ko-KR.mp3",[50],{"id":51,"partOfSpeech":52,"definition":53,"isPrimary":39,"meaningOrder":40},"01a07864-2808-7c41-930f-0d7b8eb983b8","PARTICLE","","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_93dc5bebe89ac7fd_ko-KR.mp3",2,{"id":57,"vocabularyWord":58,"displayOrder":74},"01a07865-2cca-7cfb-be75-fdeff5b0079a",{"id":59,"word":60,"frequency":47,"level":61,"language":9,"audioFilePath":62,"partsOfSpeech":63,"audio":39,"audioUrl":73},"01a07864-2284-7632-91ba-a359af28856c","있다","A1","tts_17a17cc1e56efc4e_ko-KR.mp3",[64,69],{"id":65,"partOfSpeech":66,"definition":67,"exampleSentences":68,"isPrimary":39,"meaningOrder":40},"01a07864-22b7-735a-a971-30ad37a88fd4","VERB","사람이나 사물이 어떤 장소에 존재하다.","가방 안에 책이 있어요.",{"id":70,"partOfSpeech":66,"definition":71,"exampleSentences":72,"isPrimary":16,"meaningOrder":55},"01a07864-22b7-73a6-a971-30ad385c7fac","사람에게 물건, 가족, 시간 등이 있다.","저는 오늘 저녁에 시간이 있어요.","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_17a17cc1e56efc4e_ko-KR.mp3",3,{"id":76,"vocabularyWord":77,"displayOrder":92},"01a07865-2cca-7d2f-be75-fdeff5f1550c",{"id":78,"word":79,"frequency":47,"level":61,"language":9,"audioFilePath":80,"partsOfSpeech":81,"audio":39,"audioUrl":91},"01a07864-226c-7f2f-a9cd-6f942d8d91f6","없다","tts_933c93b16a8bb506_ko-KR.mp3",[82,87],{"id":83,"partOfSpeech":84,"definition":85,"exampleSentences":86,"isPrimary":39,"meaningOrder":40},"01a07864-22b4-7e97-8993-9936e0cd8f8b","ADJECTIVE","사람이나 사물이 존재하지 않다.","냉장고에 우유가 없어요.",{"id":88,"partOfSpeech":84,"definition":89,"exampleSentences":90,"isPrimary":16,"meaningOrder":55},"01a07864-22b4-7f17-8993-9936e1ad50f8","사람에게 필요한 물건, 가족, 시간 등이 없다.","저는 오늘 저녁에 시간이 없어요.","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_933c93b16a8bb506_ko-KR.mp3",4,{"id":94,"vocabularyWord":95,"displayOrder":103},"01a07865-2cca-7d4f-be75-fdeff67d534f",{"id":96,"word":97,"frequency":47,"level":61,"language":9,"audioFilePath":98,"partsOfSpeech":99,"audio":39,"audioUrl":102},"01a07864-21ff-7def-acf2-288ceaabbbd1","하다","tts_daa2684ba0d046dc_ko-KR.mp3",[100],{"id":101,"partOfSpeech":66,"definition":53,"isPrimary":39,"meaningOrder":40},"01a07864-221c-7074-9ca0-28bebaf063ac","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_daa2684ba0d046dc_ko-KR.mp3",5,{"id":105,"vocabularyWord":106,"displayOrder":116},"01a07865-2cca-7d6f-be75-fdeff73e1fce",{"id":107,"word":108,"frequency":47,"level":61,"language":9,"audioFilePath":109,"partsOfSpeech":110,"audio":39,"audioUrl":115},"01a07864-2271-7f3e-88c7-603ebc142616","가다","tts_139dac018d2807c3_ko-KR.mp3",[111],{"id":112,"partOfSpeech":66,"definition":113,"exampleSentences":114,"isPrimary":39,"meaningOrder":40},"01a07864-22b5-7906-a1b1-56fdea275f9d","어떤 곳을 향해 이동하다.","저는 매일 아침 학교에 가요.","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_139dac018d2807c3_ko-KR.mp3",6,{"id":118,"vocabularyWord":119,"displayOrder":133},"01a07865-2cca-7d8b-be75-fdeff76fbc40",{"id":120,"word":121,"frequency":47,"level":10,"language":9,"audioFilePath":122,"partsOfSpeech":123,"audio":39,"audioUrl":132},"01a07864-23c0-7243-8fb4-7c01998ab3a0","보다","tts_02ccbceae185c279_ko-KR.mp3",[124,128],{"id":125,"partOfSpeech":52,"definition":126,"exampleSentences":127,"isPrimary":39,"meaningOrder":40},"01a07864-23e7-7142-b488-6f1a4e198cae","두 대상을 비교할 때 기준이 되는 대상을 나타내는 조사.","작년보다 올해 날씨가 따뜻해요.",{"id":129,"partOfSpeech":66,"definition":130,"exampleSentences":131,"isPrimary":16,"meaningOrder":40},"01a07864-23e7-718e-b488-6f1a4edd559f","눈으로 대상을 살피거나 영상을 감상하다.","저녁에 가족과 영화를 봤어요.","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_02ccbceae185c279_ko-KR.mp3",7,{"id":135,"vocabularyWord":136,"displayOrder":146},"01a07865-2cca-7dab-be75-fdeff818636f",{"id":137,"word":138,"frequency":31,"level":10,"language":9,"audioFilePath":139,"partsOfSpeech":140,"audio":39,"audioUrl":145},"01a07864-23dc-74c7-93b0-bd9213440b66","만들다","tts_e9d056a2f709c390_ko-KR.mp3",[141],{"id":142,"partOfSpeech":66,"definition":143,"exampleSentences":144,"isPrimary":39,"meaningOrder":40},"01a07864-23e9-7c70-aaaf-bbe0bebf7c72","재료를 사용해 물건이나 결과물을 완성하다.","주말에 가족과 김밥을 만들었어요.","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_e9d056a2f709c390_ko-KR.mp3",8,{"id":148,"vocabularyWord":149,"displayOrder":31},"01a07865-2cca-7dc7-be75-fdeff889e8cc",{"id":150,"word":151,"frequency":47,"level":61,"language":9,"audioFilePath":152,"partsOfSpeech":153,"audio":39,"audioUrl":158},"01a07864-2296-7390-b8a6-163e21b5b241","먹다","tts_01eb3322b7dba388_ko-KR.mp3",[154],{"id":155,"partOfSpeech":66,"definition":156,"exampleSentences":157,"isPrimary":39,"meaningOrder":40},"01a07864-22b9-704e-8749-6fc5de58f044","음식이나 약을 입에 넣어 삼키다.","저는 아침에 빵을 먹어요.","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_01eb3322b7dba388_ko-KR.mp3",{"id":160,"vocabularyWord":161,"displayOrder":47},"01a07865-2cca-7de3-be75-fdeff8c22071",{"id":162,"word":163,"frequency":31,"level":61,"language":9,"audioFilePath":164,"partsOfSpeech":165,"audio":39,"audioUrl":170},"01a07864-2280-7320-a716-4c1ca2b9fc18","읽다","tts_62263be792768fb7_ko-KR.mp3",[166],{"id":167,"partOfSpeech":66,"definition":168,"exampleSentences":169,"isPrimary":39,"meaningOrder":40},"01a07864-22b6-7d42-b5cd-01edf893c021","글이나 책에 적힌 내용을 보다.","저는 저녁마다 책을 읽어요.","\u002Fuploads\u002Faudio\u002Ftts_62263be792768fb7_ko-KR.mp3",{"id":172,"vocabularyWord":173,"displayOrder":183},"01a07865-2cca-7dff-be75-fdeff8f67251",{"id":174,"word":175,"frequency":146,"level":10,"language":9,"audioFilePath":176,"partsOfSpeech":177,"audio":39,"audioUrl":182},"01a07864-2436-73b5-b28f-9c9069cccfe3","여행하다","tts_7bb62cbb116dfb09_ko-KR.mp3",[178],{"id":179,"partOfSpeech":66,"definition":180,"exampleSentences":181,"isPrimary":39,"meaningOrder":40},"01a07864-2472-7b3c-82d6-0a282382436c","다른 지역이나 나라로 이동하며 구경하고 경험하다.","여름휴가에 제주도를 여행하고 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