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정보 초점","eosun-idong-gwa-jeongbo-chojeom",165,{"id":836,"title":837,"slug":838,"language":9,"level":683,"displayOrder":839},"01a07863-dab5-740e-83b8-33f381df3c93","조사 결합과 의미 범위","josa-gyeolhap-gwa-uimi-beomwi",166,{"id":841,"title":842,"slug":843,"language":9,"level":683,"displayOrder":844},"01a07863-d717-7c49-836e-9cd2147ab799","보조사 '-조차·-마저·-까지도'","bojosa-jocha-majeo-kkajido",167,{"id":846,"title":847,"slug":848,"language":9,"level":683,"displayOrder":849},"01a07863-d987-7c0b-91c8-c3837f99a60f","하오체의 형태와 사용 맥락","haoche-ui-hyeongtae-wa-maengnak",168,{"id":851,"title":852,"slug":853,"language":9,"level":683,"displayOrder":854},"01a07863-d94e-7f7d-bd36-aea815da0959","하게체의 형태와 사용 맥락","hageche-ui-hyeongtae-wa-maengnak",169,{"id":856,"title":857,"slug":858,"language":9,"level":683,"displayOrder":859},"01a07863-d858-74ca-b8ff-d9b13d4b0e74","간접 부탁과 완곡한 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태도","inyong-dongsa-ui-seontaek",195,{"id":987,"title":988,"slug":989,"language":9,"level":899,"displayOrder":990},"01a07863-d70b-7796-861c-b6fde39f3320","비인칭 피동과 책임 회피","biinching-pidong-gwa-chaegim-hoepi",196,{"id":992,"title":993,"slug":994,"language":9,"level":899,"displayOrder":995},"01a07863-dbfe-7715-a73d-d97b70250059","사동 구문과 책임의 범위","sadong-gumun-gwa-chaegim-beomwi",197,{"id":997,"title":998,"slug":999,"language":9,"level":899,"displayOrder":1000},"01a07863-dba0-7c89-90d4-2eef83532006","높임 표현의 충돌과 우선순위","nopim-pyohyeon-ui-chungdol",198,{"id":1002,"title":1003,"slug":1004,"language":9,"level":899,"displayOrder":1005},"01a07863-db20-75e4-9e91-1851bedaec66","말하기 등급의 전환과 관계 재조정","malhagi-deunggeup-ui-jeonhwan",199,{"id":1007,"title":1008,"slug":1009,"language":9,"level":899,"displayOrder":1010},"01a07863-dcba-7864-9960-b92f40934922","완곡어법과 체면 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차이","jeongdoseong-geukdanseong-ui-chai",215,{"id":1087,"title":1088,"slug":1089,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1091},"01a07863-d96c-7023-bb30-3a3d8f787aa2","한글 맞춤법의 역사적 변화","hangeul-matchumbeop-ui-yeoksajeok-byeonhwa","C2",216,{"id":1093,"title":1094,"slug":1095,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1096},"01a07863-db03-771f-a039-b9257e399114","중세 한국어 문법의 현대 한국어 흔적","jungse-hangugeo-munbeop-ui-heunjeok",217,{"id":1098,"title":1099,"slug":1100,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1101},"01a07863-da9b-74e0-aa05-b70e5e015c3d","지역·세대·사용역에 따른 발음 변이","jiyeok-sedae-sayongyeok-bareum-byeoni",218,{"id":1103,"title":1104,"slug":1105,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1106},"01a07863-d8dd-7b49-bcf9-020299f60a53","고전 문헌의 말하기 등급","gojeon-munheon-ui-malhagi-deunggeup",219,{"id":1108,"title":1109,"slug":1110,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1111},"01a07863-d8e4-7f0a-9847-6e75a50aa53d","고전적 높임 표현과 현대의 잔존형","gojeonjeok-nopim-pyohyeon",220,{"id":1113,"title":1114,"slug":1115,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1116},"01a07863-d6d4-7878-ad37-a4982f125903","방언의 말하기 등급과 사회적 의미","bangeon-ui-malhagi-deunggeup",221,{"id":1118,"title":1119,"slug":1120,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1121},"01a07863-d80d-7c71-85f6-c3236a70cc6b","언어 형식의 사회적 지표성","eoneo-hyeongsik-ui-sahoejeok-jipyoseong",222,{"id":1123,"title":1124,"slug":1125,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1126},"01a07863-d737-779b-ad54-78d521a176d0","복합 사용역과 문체 혼합","bokhap-sayongyeok-gwa-munche-honhap",223,{"id":1128,"title":1129,"slug":1130,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1131},"01a07863-da4d-7c0e-aee9-47ad0c32ab41","전달 정보의 증거성과 화자 개입","jeondal-jeongbo-jeunggeoseong-hwaja-gaeip",224,{"id":1133,"title":1134,"slug":1135,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1136},"01a07863-d9f3-784c-8444-b4e48a91a5f4","인식·당위·능력 양태의 중첩","insik-dangwi-neungnyeok-yangtae-jungcheop",225,{"id":1138,"title":1139,"slug":1140,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1141},"01a07863-d87d-7421-a10d-016685c3019e","극도로 중첩된 종속 구조","geukdoro-jungcheopdoen-jongsok-gujo",226,{"id":1143,"title":1144,"slug":1145,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1146},"01a07863-db6c-76c8-9d8d-1bf0ff302356","명사구 내부의 다중 수식 범위","myeongsagu-naebu-dajung-susik-beomwi",227,{"id":1148,"title":1149,"slug":1150,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1151},"01a07863-d7a7-7713-b582-4635b340fb8c","다층 인용과 발화 책임","dachung-inyong-gwa-balhwa-chaegim",228,{"id":1153,"title":1154,"slug":1155,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1156},"01a07863-dc93-7bf7-baaf-646f405d0a93","통사적 중의성과 구조 해석","tongsajeok-junguiseong-gujo-haeseok",229,{"id":1158,"title":1159,"slug":1160,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1161},"01a07863-d747-7d02-9170-02c9242f260d","부정의 범위와 중의성","bujeong-ui-beomwi-wa-junguiseong",230,{"id":1163,"title":1164,"slug":1165,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1166},"01a07863-dc82-74cf-aed9-03ef012ba1ae","수량사의 작용역과 범위","suryangsa-ui-jagyongyeok-gwa-beomwi",231,{"id":1168,"title":1169,"slug":1170,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1171},"01a07863-d7c0-7033-8973-1acd78835224","다중 주제 구조와 화제 계층","dajung-juje-gujo-hwaje-gyecheung",232,{"id":1173,"title":1174,"slug":1175,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1176},"01a07863-db0f-7d14-b181-22045286272f","좌측·우측 전위와 담화 기능","jwacheuk-ucheuk-jeonwi",233,{"id":1178,"title":1179,"slug":1180,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1181},"01a07863-d75d-772e-9d3e-5b6275433f2d","분열문과 초점 구조","bunyeolmun-gwa-chojeom-gujo",234,{"id":1183,"title":1184,"slug":1185,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1186},"01a07863-dc88-7813-ac0c-b5506052d4fc","수사적 생략과 여백의 효과","susajeok-saengnyak-gwa-yeobaek",235,{"id":1188,"title":1189,"slug":1190,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1191},"01a07863-dc1b-7dc0-832f-4f108853f305","상호 텍스트성과 변형 인용","sangho-tekseuteuseong-byeonhyeong-inyong",236,{"id":1193,"title":1194,"slug":1195,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1196},"01a07863-d979-798b-b0e1-1f25c0511cbb","한자어 중심 문체의 압축성","hanjaeo-jungsim-munche-ui-apchukseong",237,{"id":1198,"title":1199,"slug":1200,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1201},"01a07863-d6ec-7d59-96d2-3ffd339ca6c2","법률·행정 문체의 문법","beomnyul-haengjeong-munche-ui-munbeop",238,{"id":1203,"title":1204,"slug":1205,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1206},"01a07863-d95e-724f-aebc-136eef75e32d","학술 문체의 고도 명사화","haksul-munche-ui-godo-myeongsahwa",239,{"id":1208,"title":1209,"slug":1210,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1211},"01a07863-db4f-75fe-832e-52c746aeace4","문학 서사의 시점과 화자","munhak-seosa-ui-sijeom-gwa-hwaja",240,{"id":1213,"title":1214,"slug":1215,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1216},"01a07863-da34-7109-a69e-dcc4f425ced7","자유 간접 화법과 의식의 표현","jayu-ganjeop-hwabeop",241,{"id":1218,"title":1219,"slug":1220,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1221},"01a07863-dc71-7158-bad9-cc4b5c91a482","속담·관용구의 변형과 재맥락화","sokdam-gwanyonggu-byeonhyeong",242,{"id":1223,"title":1224,"slug":1225,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1226},"01a07863-dcb3-7256-be14-3efead0203a1","의성어·의태어의 파생과 활용","uiseongeo-uitaeeo-pasaeng-hwaryong",243,{"id":1228,"title":1229,"slug":1230,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1231},"01a07863-dc69-7a26-9a3b-aaffc3c91e21","신조어의 파생 문법과 확장","sinjoeo-ui-pasaeng-munbeop",244,{"id":1233,"title":1234,"slug":1235,"language":9,"level":1090,"displayOrder":1236},"01a07863-db09-7a45-a9a7-3b2525079877","중의성과 응집성을 다듬는 고급 퇴고","junguiseong-eungjipseong-gogeup-toego",245,{"id":811,"title":812,"slug":813,"seoDescription":1238,"content":1239,"language":9,"level":683,"displayOrder":814,"grammarTopics":1240,"createdAt":1246,"updatedAt":1247,"vocabularyLists":1248,"primaryTopicHub":1249,"readyImages":1251},"같은 파생 동사가 피동, 자동적 변화, 능동·사동으로 달리 해석되는 중의성을 배웁니다. 문이 열렸다, 산이 보인다, 아이에게 책을 읽혔다 같은 문장에서 이\u002F가·을\u002F를·에게의 논항 구조와 행위자 표현, 저절로·에 의해 같은 문맥 단서로 의미를 판별합니다.","한국어에서는 같은 동사 형태가 문맥에 따라 **피동**, 행위자 없이 일어난 **자동적 변화**, 때로는 **사동**으로 해석될 수 있습니다. 형태만 보지 말고 주어·목적어·행위자와 상황을 함께 확인해야 합니다.\n\n## 1. 능동과 피동의 논항 바꾸기\n\n능동문의 목적어는 피동문에서 주어가 되고, 능동문의 행위자는 생략되거나 **에게\u002F에 의해**로 나타날 수 있습니다.\n\n:::example\n**능동:** 경찰이 도둑을 잡았어요.\n\n**피동:** 도둑이 경찰에게 잡혔어요.\n:::\n\n| 의미 역할 | 능동문 | 피동문 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 행위자 | 경찰이 | 경찰에게\u002F경찰에 의해 |\n| 영향을 받은 대상 | 도둑을 | 도둑이 |\n| 서술어 | 잡았다 | 잡혔다 |\n\n## 2. 피동과 자동적 변화\n\n**문이 열렸다**처럼 행위자가 드러나지 않는 문장은 누군가 문을 열었다는 피동일 수도 있고, 바람이나 장치 때문에 자동으로 열린 변화일 수도 있습니다.\n\n:::example\n- 문이 경비원에 의해 **열렸어요**. → 피동\n- 센서가 작동해 문이 저절로 **열렸어요**. → 자동적 변화\n- 창문이 바람에 **닫혔어요**. → 자연적인 원인에 따른 변화\n:::\n\n| 문맥 단서 | 해석에 미치는 영향 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 사람·동물 행위자 + 에게\u002F에 의해 | 의도적 행위가 있는 피동 |\n| 무정물 원인 + 에\u002F에 의해 | 바람·장치·사건이 원인인 변화 |\n| 저절로·갑자기 | 자동적 변화 |\n| 바람에·충격으로 | 비의도적 원인 |\n\n:::note\n**열리다**는 **열다**에서 파생된 피동사입니다. 그러나 바람이나 센서가 원인인 문맥에서는 의도적인 행위자를 내세우지 않고 상태가 바뀐 일을 말할 수 있습니다. 이 글에서는 이런 뜻을 **자동적 변화 해석**이라고 부릅니다. 행위자가 생략되었다고 반드시 자동적 변화로 읽는 것은 아닙니다. **범인이 잡혔다**는 행위자가 없어도 일반적으로 누군가가 잡은 피동으로 이해됩니다.\n:::\n\n### 결과 상태와 구별하기\n\n`이미`, `아직`은 피동과 자동적 변화를 가르는 단서가 아니라, 변화 뒤에 남은 상태를 드러내는 상적 표현입니다. `문이 이미 열려 있어요`는 문을 연 사건보다 현재 열린 상태에 초점을 둡니다.\n\n### 접미사 피동과 '-아\u002F어지다', '-되다'\n\n접미사 피동 **-이\u002F-히\u002F-리\u002F-기-**와 **-아\u002F어지다**, **-되다**는 모두 결과의 변화를 말할 수 있지만 쓰임이 같지 않습니다.\n\n| 형태 | 중심 쓰임 | 예 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 접미사 피동 | 행위나 원인으로 대상이 변함 | 문이 열렸어요. |\n| -아\u002F어지다 | 상태가 바뀌는 과정을 드러냄 | 날이 어두워졌어요. |\n| -되다 | 결정·처리 같은 공식적 결과 | 일정이 결정되었어요. |\n\n`열다`의 피동은 **열리다**이므로 `문이 열어졌어요`는 쓰지 않습니다. 이미 접미사 피동인 **열리다**에 **-아\u002F어지다**를 덧붙여 **열려지다**처럼 이중 피동으로 만들지도 마세요.\n\n## 3. 보이다의 피동 구조와 사동 구조\n\n`경험주에게 대상이 보이다`는 대상이 경험주의 시야에 들어오는 지각·경험 구조입니다. `행위자 + 누구에게 + 무엇을 보이다`는 행위자가 목적어를 상대에게 보게 하는 사동 구조입니다.\n\n| 구조 | 예문 | 해석 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 경험주에게 대상이 보이다 | (나에게) 멀리 산이 보여요. | 산이 나의 시야에 들어옴 |\n| 행위자 + 누구에게 + 무엇을 보이다 | 직원에게 신분증을 보였어요. | 직원이 신분증을 보게 함 |\n\n:::tip\n**나에게 산이 보여요**는 ‘나’가 경험주이고 ‘산’이 보이는 대상이므로 사동이 아닙니다. 반면 **직원에게 신분증을 보였어요**는 행동 주체가 목적어 **신분증을** 직원에게 보게 한 사동 구조입니다. **을\u002F를** 목적어가 남아 있는지 먼저 확인하세요.\n:::\n\n## 4. 읽히다의 피동과 사동\n\n**읽히다**도 논항 구조에 따라 ‘읽힘을 당하다’와 ‘읽게 하다’로 나뉩니다.\n\n:::example\n**피동:** 이 책은 많은 학생에게 **읽혔어요**.\n\n**사동:** 선생님이 학생에게 이 책을 **읽혔어요**.\n:::\n\n| 해석 | 주어 | 다른 성분 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 피동 | 책이 | 학생에게 읽히다 |\n| 사동 | 선생님이 | 학생에게 책을 읽히다 |\n\n:::warning\n파생 접사 **-이\u002F-히\u002F-리\u002F-기-**가 보인다고 무조건 피동으로 판단하지 마세요. 목적어 **을\u002F를**이 남아 있고 다른 사람이 행동하게 되면 사동 해석일 수 있습니다. 또한 접사 피동에 **-아\u002F어지다**를 겹쳐 ✗ **보여지다**, ✗ **열려지다**, ✗ **쓰여지다**처럼 이중 피동으로 만들지 마세요.\n:::\n\n두 문장의 **읽혔어요**는 형태가 같지만 구조가 다릅니다. 피동문에는 **책이** 주어로 오고, 사동문에는 **책을** 목적어가 남아 있습니다. 이 **을\u002F를** 목적어의 유무가 피동과 사동을 구별하는 가장 중요한 단서입니다.\n\n## 5. 능동문으로 바꾸어 점검하기\n\n중의적인 문장은 가능한 기본 문장으로 바꾸어 보면 구조가 분명해집니다.\n\n1. 이\u002F가가 붙은 명사를 찾습니다.\n2. 을\u002F를 목적어가 있는지 확인합니다.\n3. 에게\u002F에 의해가 행위자인지, 행동을 하게 된 사람인지 봅니다.\n4. 능동문이나 사동문으로 복원해 자연스러운지 점검합니다.\n\n| 원래 문장 | 가능한 복원 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 문이 열렸다. | 누군가 문을 열었다. \u002F 문이 저절로 열렸다. |\n| 산이 보였다. | 내가 산을 볼 수 있었다. |\n| 아이에게 책을 읽혔다. | 누군가 아이에게 책을 읽게 했다. |\n\n## 6. 핵심 정리\n\n- 피동은 영향을 받은 대상이 주어가 됩니다.\n- 자동적 변화는 의도적인 행위자 없이 상태가 바뀝니다.\n- 일부 파생 동사는 논항 구조에 따라 피동과 사동이 모두 가능합니다.\n- 조사, 행위자의 생물성, **저절로\u002F에 의해** 같은 단서를 함께 봅니다.\n\n형태가 같아도 ‘누가 무엇을 했는가’와 ‘무엇이 어떻게 변했는가’를 각각 복원하면 중의성을 체계적으로 해결할 수 있습니다.",[1241],{"id":1242,"name":1243,"level":683,"language":9,"isCompleted":1244,"completionPercentage":1245,"totalExercises":41,"completedExercises":1245},"01a09c0b-58b5-7cf0-ae24-23a2f32e9ba3","피동의 중의성과 사동의 범위",false,0,"2026-09-06T20:23:25+00:00","2026-10-11T12:53:37+00:00",[],{"name":1243,"slug":1250,"language":9},"pidong-junguiseong-sadong-beomwi-b2",[],{"id":1242,"name":1243,"slug":1250,"language":9,"level":683,"introduction":1253,"lessonCount":21,"totalExercises":41,"objectives":1254,"prerequisites":1258,"lessons":1260},"형태적 중의성을 문맥으로 푼 뒤 장형 사동을 만들고, 사동주의 개입 정도까지 해석하는 길입니다. 문장 성분과 조사, 실제 행위자의 참여 정도를 단서로 삼아 여러 해석 가운데 알맞은 의미를 선택합니다.",[1255,1256,1257],"피동·자동·능동이 겹치는 형태를 문장 구조로 판별할 수 있다.","장형 사동을 만들고 피사동주의 격을 알맞게 표시할 수 있다.","직접 사동과 간접 사동의 의미 차이를 설명할 수 있다.",[1259],"B1의 피동·사동 접미사와 기본 문장 성분을 이해한다.",[1261,1272,1286],{"id":811,"contentId":1262,"slug":813,"title":812,"level":683,"summary":1263,"order":11,"exercises":1264},"pg_34035c93-ec69-4b82-b126-6bdef138eb6b","형태가 같은 피동·자동·능동 용법을 문장 성분과 문맥으로 판별한다.",[1265,1269],{"id":1266,"title":1267,"order":1245,"type":1268},"01a07864-100f-7b23-a10f-75736c61292b","조사와 원인으로 구별하는 피동과 변화","word_select",{"id":1270,"title":1271,"order":11,"type":1268},"01a07864-1031-7032-9b2a-91bb169bbc6a","보이다·읽히다의 논항 구조",{"id":816,"contentId":1273,"slug":818,"title":817,"level":683,"summary":1274,"order":16,"exercises":1275},"pg_7c2ae601-d767-4011-a63d-46ebd1215684","-게 하다로 생산적인 장형 사동을 만들고 피사동주의 행동을 표현한다.",[1276,1279,1282],{"id":1277,"title":1278,"order":1245,"type":1268},"01a07863-ee27-73a4-bb78-9403dbb91a7a","사동의 역할·조사와 문맥 해석",{"id":1280,"title":1281,"order":11,"type":1268},"01a07863-ee41-7741-b38a-fc52254f3082","지시·부정과 짧은 사동의 대비",{"id":1283,"title":1284,"order":16,"type":1285},"01a07863-ee5e-7486-bc71-5acf7b668b99","Building causative sentences with -게 하다","sentence_builder",{"id":821,"contentId":1287,"slug":823,"title":822,"level":683,"summary":1288,"order":21,"exercises":1289},"pg_4deb4270-6fa5-4945-9c05-480f86eb59a9","사동 사건에서 직접 개입과 간접 유발의 차이를 조사와 문맥으로 해석한다.",[1290,1293],{"id":1291,"title":1292,"order":1245,"type":1268},"01a07864-125e-7a98-88c5-23df46150187","Choosing causatives from intervention and autonomy",{"id":1294,"title":1295,"order":11,"type":1268},"01a07864-1278-7235-903f-06fc615ea7b6","Roles, particles, and context in causatives",[1297,1303],{"@id":1298,"@type":1299,"id":1266,"grammarPage":1300,"title":1267,"instructions":1301,"displayOrder":1245,"type":1268,"questionCount":71,"blankCount":71,"isCompleted":1244,"ogImageUrl":1302},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a07864-100f-7b23-a10f-75736c61292b","GrammarExercise","\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_pages\u002F01a07863-dbc7-75d0-b47f-196fef2debe8","주어·목적어·행위자와 원인 표현을 살펴보고 능동, 피동, 자동적 변화와 결과 상태에 맞는 문장을 고르세요.","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_9beaaa34-8458-44af-acba-54856dcf39b2_hero.webp?v=1788726218",{"@id":1304,"@type":1299,"id":1270,"grammarPage":1300,"title":1271,"instructions":1305,"displayOrder":11,"type":1268,"questionCount":71,"blankCount":71,"isCompleted":1244,"ogImageUrl":1306},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a07864-1031-7032-9b2a-91bb169bbc6a","이\u002F가·을\u002F를·에게를 확인하고 경험, 피동, 사동 구조를 복원하여 문맥에 맞는 해석이나 문장을 고르세요.","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_e2cb894f-345f-4196-bd22-f0b6e814ba38_hero.webp?v=1788726218",{"id":1266,"grammarPage":1300,"title":1267,"instructions":1301,"seoTitle":1308,"seoDescription":1309,"displayOrder":1245,"type":1268,"questions":1310,"ogImageUrl":1302},"조사와 원인으로 가르는 피동·자동·능동","수의사가 새를 구조했어요처럼 행위자 중심의 능동문과, 원인과 결과 상태를 드러내는 피동문과 자동사문을 조사와 원인 표현으로 구별해 문장을 골라요. 메뉴판을 보였어요 같은 사동과의 혼동도 함께 풀며, 에게와 에 가운데 어느 조사가 붙는지로 문장의 뜻을 가려요.",[1311],{"id":1312,"sentenceTemplate":1313,"displayOrder":1245,"explanation":1314,"exampleSentence":1315,"blanks":1316},"01a07864-100f-7e77-a10f-75736e5f4d82","수의사가 다친 새를 구조한 장면을 수의사의 행동을 중심으로 말하면 __1__","행위자 수의사가 주어이고 구조된 새가 목적어이므로 능동문이 알맞아요.","구조대원이 등산객을 구조했어요.",[1317],{"id":1318,"blankNumber":11,"options":1319},"01a07864-100f-7e07-a10f-75736e038dfd",[1320,1323,1327],{"id":1321,"optionText":1322,"isCorrect":1244,"displayOrder":1245},"01a07864-100f-7d3f-a10f-75736c77a5ec","다친 새가 수의사에게 구조됐어요.",{"id":1324,"optionText":1325,"isCorrect":1326,"displayOrder":11},"01a07864-100f-7d93-a10f-75736d748f62","수의사가 다친 새를 구조했어요.",true,{"id":1328,"optionText":1329,"isCorrect":1244,"displayOrder":16},"01a07864-100f-7dcf-a10f-75736da2d6d6","다친 새가 수의사를 구조했어요.",{"html":1331,"toc":1332},"\u003Cp>한국어에서는 같은 동사 형태가 문맥에 따라 \u003Cstrong>피동\u003C\u002Fstrong>, 행위자 없이 일어난 \u003Cstrong>자동적 변화\u003C\u002Fstrong>, 때로는 \u003Cstrong>사동\u003C\u002Fstrong>으로 해석될 수 있습니다. 형태만 보지 말고 주어·목적어·행위자와 상황을 함께 확인해야 합니다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">1.\u003C\u002Fspan>능동과 피동의 논항 바꾸기\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>능동문의 목적어는 피동문에서 주어가 되고, 능동문의 행위자는 생략되거나 \u003Cstrong>에게\u002F에 의해\u003C\u002Fstrong>로 나타날 수 있습니다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>능동:\u003C\u002Fstrong> 경찰이 도둑을 잡았어요.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>피동:\u003C\u002Fstrong> 도둑이 경찰에게 잡혔어요.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>의미 역할\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>능동문\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>피동문\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>행위자\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>경찰이\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>경찰에게\u002F경찰에 의해\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>영향을 받은 대상\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>도둑을\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>도둑이\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>서술어\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>잡았다\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>잡혔다\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-2\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">2.\u003C\u002Fspan>피동과 자동적 변화\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>문이 열렸다\u003C\u002Fstrong>처럼 행위자가 드러나지 않는 문장은 누군가 문을 열었다는 피동일 수도 있고, 바람이나 장치 때문에 자동으로 열린 변화일 수도 있습니다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>문이 경비원에 의해 \u003Cstrong>열렸어요\u003C\u002Fstrong>. → 피동\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>센서가 작동해 문이 저절로 \u003Cstrong>열렸어요\u003C\u002Fstrong>. → 자동적 변화\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>창문이 바람에 \u003Cstrong>닫혔어요\u003C\u002Fstrong>. → 자연적인 원인에 따른 변화\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>문맥 단서\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>해석에 미치는 영향\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>사람·동물 행위자 + 에게\u002F에 의해\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>의도적 행위가 있는 피동\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>무정물 원인 + 에\u002F에 의해\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>바람·장치·사건이 원인인 변화\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>저절로·갑자기\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>자동적 변화\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>바람에·충격으로\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>비의도적 원인\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--note\">\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>열리다\u003C\u002Fstrong>는 \u003Cstrong>열다\u003C\u002Fstrong>에서 파생된 피동사입니다. 그러나 바람이나 센서가 원인인 문맥에서는 의도적인 행위자를 내세우지 않고 상태가 바뀐 일을 말할 수 있습니다. 이 글에서는 이런 뜻을 \u003Cstrong>자동적 변화 해석\u003C\u002Fstrong>이라고 부릅니다. 행위자가 생략되었다고 반드시 자동적 변화로 읽는 것은 아닙니다. \u003Cstrong>범인이 잡혔다\u003C\u002Fstrong>는 행위자가 없어도 일반적으로 누군가가 잡은 피동으로 이해됩니다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch3 id=\"section-3\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">2.1\u003C\u002Fspan>결과 상태와 구별하기\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>\u003Ccode>이미\u003C\u002Fcode>, \u003Ccode>아직\u003C\u002Fcode>은 피동과 자동적 변화를 가르는 단서가 아니라, 변화 뒤에 남은 상태를 드러내는 상적 표현입니다. \u003Ccode>문이 이미 열려 있어요\u003C\u002Fcode>는 문을 연 사건보다 현재 열린 상태에 초점을 둡니다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3 id=\"-\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">2.2\u003C\u002Fspan>접미사 피동과 '-아\u002F어지다', '-되다'\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>접미사 피동 **-이\u002F-히\u002F-리\u002F-기-**와 \u003Cstrong>-아\u002F어지다\u003C\u002Fstrong>, \u003Cstrong>-되다\u003C\u002Fstrong>는 모두 결과의 변화를 말할 수 있지만 쓰임이 같지 않습니다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>형태\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>중심 쓰임\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>예\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>접미사 피동\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>행위나 원인으로 대상이 변함\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>문이 열렸어요.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>-아\u002F어지다\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>상태가 바뀌는 과정을 드러냄\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>날이 어두워졌어요.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>-되다\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>결정·처리 같은 공식적 결과\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>일정이 결정되었어요.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>\u003Ccode>열다\u003C\u002Fcode>의 피동은 \u003Cstrong>열리다\u003C\u002Fstrong>이므로 \u003Ccode>문이 열어졌어요\u003C\u002Fcode>는 쓰지 않습니다. 이미 접미사 피동인 \u003Cstrong>열리다\u003C\u002Fstrong>에 \u003Cstrong>-아\u002F어지다\u003C\u002Fstrong>를 덧붙여 \u003Cstrong>열려지다\u003C\u002Fstrong>처럼 이중 피동으로 만들지도 마세요.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-4\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">3.\u003C\u002Fspan>보이다의 피동 구조와 사동 구조\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>\u003Ccode>경험주에게 대상이 보이다\u003C\u002Fcode>는 대상이 경험주의 시야에 들어오는 지각·경험 구조입니다. \u003Ccode>행위자 + 누구에게 + 무엇을 보이다\u003C\u002Fcode>는 행위자가 목적어를 상대에게 보게 하는 사동 구조입니다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>구조\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>예문\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>해석\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>경험주에게 대상이 보이다\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>(나에게) 멀리 산이 보여요.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>산이 나의 시야에 들어옴\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>행위자 + 누구에게 + 무엇을 보이다\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>직원에게 신분증을 보였어요.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>직원이 신분증을 보게 함\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--tip\">\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>나에게 산이 보여요\u003C\u002Fstrong>는 ‘나’가 경험주이고 ‘산’이 보이는 대상이므로 사동이 아닙니다. 반면 \u003Cstrong>직원에게 신분증을 보였어요\u003C\u002Fstrong>는 행동 주체가 목적어 \u003Cstrong>신분증을\u003C\u002Fstrong> 직원에게 보게 한 사동 구조입니다. \u003Cstrong>을\u002F를\u003C\u002Fstrong> 목적어가 남아 있는지 먼저 확인하세요.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-5\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">4.\u003C\u002Fspan>읽히다의 피동과 사동\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>읽히다\u003C\u002Fstrong>도 논항 구조에 따라 ‘읽힘을 당하다’와 ‘읽게 하다’로 나뉩니다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>피동:\u003C\u002Fstrong> 이 책은 많은 학생에게 \u003Cstrong>읽혔어요\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>사동:\u003C\u002Fstrong> 선생님이 학생에게 이 책을 \u003Cstrong>읽혔어요\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>해석\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>주어\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>다른 성분\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>피동\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>책이\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>학생에게 읽히다\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>사동\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>선생님이\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>학생에게 책을 읽히다\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--warning\">\u003Cp>파생 접사 **-이\u002F-히\u002F-리\u002F-기-**가 보인다고 무조건 피동으로 판단하지 마세요. 목적어 \u003Cstrong>을\u002F를\u003C\u002Fstrong>이 남아 있고 다른 사람이 행동하게 되면 사동 해석일 수 있습니다. 또한 접사 피동에 \u003Cstrong>-아\u002F어지다\u003C\u002Fstrong>를 겹쳐 ✗ \u003Cstrong>보여지다\u003C\u002Fstrong>, ✗ \u003Cstrong>열려지다\u003C\u002Fstrong>, ✗ \u003Cstrong>쓰여지다\u003C\u002Fstrong>처럼 이중 피동으로 만들지 마세요.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>두 문장의 \u003Cstrong>읽혔어요\u003C\u002Fstrong>는 형태가 같지만 구조가 다릅니다. 피동문에는 \u003Cstrong>책이\u003C\u002Fstrong> 주어로 오고, 사동문에는 \u003Cstrong>책을\u003C\u002Fstrong> 목적어가 남아 있습니다. 이 \u003Cstrong>을\u002F를\u003C\u002Fstrong> 목적어의 유무가 피동과 사동을 구별하는 가장 중요한 단서입니다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-6\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">5.\u003C\u002Fspan>능동문으로 바꾸어 점검하기\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>중의적인 문장은 가능한 기본 문장으로 바꾸어 보면 구조가 분명해집니다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Col>\n\u003Cli>이\u002F가가 붙은 명사를 찾습니다.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>을\u002F를 목적어가 있는지 확인합니다.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>에게\u002F에 의해가 행위자인지, 행동을 하게 된 사람인지 봅니다.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>능동문이나 사동문으로 복원해 자연스러운지 점검합니다.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Fol>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>원래 문장\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>가능한 복원\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>문이 열렸다.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>누군가 문을 열었다. \u002F 문이 저절로 열렸다.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>산이 보였다.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>내가 산을 볼 수 있었다.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>아이에게 책을 읽혔다.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>누군가 아이에게 책을 읽게 했다.\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-7\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">6.\u003C\u002Fspan>핵심 정리\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>피동은 영향을 받은 대상이 주어가 됩니다.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>자동적 변화는 의도적인 행위자 없이 상태가 바뀝니다.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>일부 파생 동사는 논항 구조에 따라 피동과 사동이 모두 가능합니다.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>조사, 행위자의 생물성, \u003Cstrong>저절로\u002F에 의해\u003C\u002Fstrong> 같은 단서를 함께 봅니다.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>형태가 같아도 ‘누가 무엇을 했는가’와 ‘무엇이 어떻게 변했는가’를 각각 복원하면 중의성을 체계적으로 해결할 수 있습니다.\u003C\u002Fp>\n",[1333,1337,1341,1345,1349,1353,1357,1361],{"id":1334,"text":1335,"depth":16,"number":1336},"section","능동과 피동의 논항 바꾸기","1",{"id":1338,"text":1339,"depth":16,"number":1340},"section-2","피동과 자동적 변화","2",{"id":1342,"text":1343,"depth":21,"number":1344},"section-3","결과 상태와 구별하기","2.1",{"id":1346,"text":1347,"depth":21,"number":1348},"-","접미사 피동과 '-아\u002F어지다', '-되다'","2.2",{"id":1350,"text":1351,"depth":16,"number":1352},"section-4","보이다의 피동 구조와 사동 구조","3",{"id":1354,"text":1355,"depth":16,"number":1356},"section-5","읽히다의 피동과 사동","4",{"id":1358,"text":1359,"depth":16,"number":1360},"section-6","능동문으로 바꾸어 점검하기","5",{"id":1362,"text":1363,"depth":16,"number":1364},"section-7","핵심 정리","6"]