[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"grammar-page-pl-nazwy-mieszkancow-i-przymiotniki-od-nazw-krajow":3,"grammar-exercises-by-page-01a0f20c-808d-7cec-8d79-a160d09db489":373,"exercise-list-path-pl-none":416},{"id":4,"title":5,"slug":6,"seoDescription":7,"content":8,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":11,"grammarTopics":12,"createdAt":18,"updatedAt":19,"vocabularyLists":20,"readyImages":372},"01a0f20c-808d-7cec-8d79-a160d09db489","Nazwy mieszkańców i przymiotniki od nazw krajów","nazwy-mieszkancow-i-przymiotniki-od-nazw-krajow","Nazwy mieszkańców krajów i przymiotniki: formy męskie i żeńskie, typowe końcówki, wielka i mała litera oraz użycie w prostych zdaniach o pochodzeniu.","Nazwy **Polak, Polka** mówią o osobach, a przymiotnik **polski** opisuje na przykład język lub produkt. Poznasz nazwy mieszkańców kilku krajów, ich formy męskie i żeńskie oraz zasady pisowni.\n\n## 1. Kraj, osoba i przymiotnik\n\nPorównaj trzy rodzaje nazw:\n\n- kraj: **Polska** — Skąd jesteś? Z Polski.\n- osoba: **Polak, Polka** — Marek jest Polakiem. Anna jest Polką.\n- przymiotnik: **polski** — To polski produkt.\n\n:::example\nSofia pochodzi z Włoch. Jest **Włoszką**. Jej ojczystym językiem jest **włoski**.\n:::\n\n:::note\nNazwy takie jak **Polak** czy **Włoszka** mogą wskazywać narodowość. Samo mieszkanie w danym kraju nie oznacza tej narodowości: Polka może mieszkać we Francji.\n:::\n\n## 2. Najczęstsze nazwy i formy\n\nFormy w tabeli odpowiadają na pytania: **jaki kraj? kto? jaki?**\n\n| Kraj | Mężczyzna | Kobieta | Przymiotnik: jaki? |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Polska | Polak | Polka | polski |\n| Czechy | Czech | Czeszka | czeski |\n| Niemcy | Niemiec | Niemka | niemiecki |\n| Francja | Francuz | Francuzka | francuski |\n| Włochy | Włoch | Włoszka | włoski |\n| Hiszpania | Hiszpan | Hiszpanka | hiszpański |\n| Ukraina | Ukrainiec | Ukrainka | ukraiński |\n| Anglia | Anglik | Angielka | angielski |\n| Stany Zjednoczone | Amerykanin | Amerykanka | amerykański |\n\nNie ma jednej końcówki, która pasuje do wszystkich nazw. Formy żeńskie często kończą się na **-ka**, ale czasem zmienia się też inna część wyrazu:\n\n- Hiszpan → Hiszpan**ka**;\n- Francuz → Francuz**ka**;\n- Niemiec → **Niemka**;\n- Włoch → **Włoszka**.\n\n:::tip\nUcz się całych zestawów: **Francja — Francuz — Francuzka — francuski**. Nie twórz nowych nazw tylko przez dodanie jednej końcówki.\n:::\n\n## 3. Wielka czy mała litera?\n\nNazwy krajów oraz nazwy ich mieszkańców piszemy **wielką literą**. Przymiotniki od nazw krajów piszemy **małą literą**, jeśli nie stoją na początku zdania ani nie są częścią nazwy własnej.\n\n:::example\n**Francja** → **Francuzka** → **francuska** kuchnia\n\n**Niemcy** → **Niemiec** → **niemiecki** samochód\n\n**Polska** → **Polak** → język **polski**\n:::\n\n:::warning\nW nazwie języka używamy małej litery: **Uczę się języka polskiego**, nie: „Uczę się języka Polskiego”.\n\nTak samo piszemy: **po polsku, po angielsku, po niemiecku**.\n:::\n\n## 4. Przymiotnik pasuje do rzeczownika\n\nPrzymiotnik zmienia formę razem z rzeczownikiem. W podstawowych formach liczby pojedynczej ma końcówki **-i, -a, -e**.\n\n| Rodzaj rzeczownika | Polski | Niemiecki |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| męski: jaki? | polski film | niemiecki samochód |\n| żeński: jaka? | polska książka | niemiecka firma |\n| nijaki: jakie? | polskie miasto | niemieckie miasto |\n\nZwróć uwagę na pisownię: **niemiecki — niemiecka — niemieckie**.\n\n:::example\nTo **włoski** ser, **włoska** kawa i **włoskie** wino.\n\nLubię **włoską** kawę. — W tym zdaniu zmienia się forma rzeczownika i przymiotnika.\n:::\n\n## 5. Jak mówić o osobach?\n\nPo **jestem, jesteś, jest** nazwa osoby występuje w narzędniku. Porównaj ją z konstrukcją **to + nazwa osoby**:\n\n| Z konstrukcją „to” | Z czasownikiem „być” |\n| --- | --- |\n| To Polak. | On jest Polakiem. |\n| To Polka. | Ona jest Polką. |\n| To Francuz. | On jest Francuzem. |\n| To Francuzka. | Ona jest Francuzką. |\n\nNiektóre nazwy zmieniają się także w liczbie mnogiej:\n\n- jeden Polak → dwaj **Polacy**;\n- jeden Niemiec → dwaj **Niemcy**;\n- jeden Włoch → dwaj **Włosi**;\n- jedna Polka → dwie **Polki**.\n\n:::note\n**Niemcy** to zarówno nazwa kraju, jak i nazwa grupy osób. Znaczenie pokazuje zdanie: **Niemcy leżą w Europie** — kraj; **Ci Niemcy mieszkają w Krakowie** — osoby.\n:::\n\n## 6. Szybka powtórka\n\n1. Nazywasz kraj? Użyj wielkiej litery: **Hiszpania**.\n2. Nazywasz osobę? Wybierz właściwą formę i wielką literę: **Hiszpan, Hiszpanka**.\n3. Opisujesz rzecz? Użyj przymiotnika dopasowanego do rzeczownika: **hiszpański film, hiszpańska muzyka**.\n4. Mówisz, kim ktoś jest? Pamiętaj o narzędniku: **Jest Hiszpanem. 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Zachowaj wielkie litery i interpunkcję.","sentence_builder","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_493034e7-5abb-4b9c-91a5-43c903f3319d_hero.webp?v=1790767309",{"@id":397,"@type":376,"id":398,"grammarPage":378,"title":399,"instructions":400,"displayOrder":59,"type":401,"questionCount":30,"blankCount":16,"isCompleted":15,"ogImageUrl":402},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a0f20c-a1aa-7a8b-9d7c-1a0bf94dec3c","01a0f20c-a1aa-7a8b-9d7c-1a0bf94dec3c","Osoby i rzeczy: znajdź błędną formę","Znajdź jeden błędny wyraz w każdym zdaniu i wybierz jego poprawną formę.","find_and_fix","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_efc1cd0d-caa2-41ea-8470-0805b6191268_hero.webp?v=1790767309",{"@id":404,"@type":376,"id":405,"grammarPage":378,"title":406,"instructions":407,"displayOrder":69,"type":408,"questionCount":69,"blankCount":16,"isCompleted":15,"ogImageUrl":409},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a0f20c-a1b3-753c-828e-51b094fe2193","01a0f20c-a1b3-753c-828e-51b094fe2193","Kraje, osoby i przymiotniki: rozpoznaj znaczenie","Dotknij kafelka, a potem kolumny, do której pasuje. Przyporządkuj wszystkie kafelki.","word_sort","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_ede61ced-879b-48b8-bb7f-ba700da2b507_hero.webp?v=1790767309",{"@id":411,"@type":376,"id":412,"grammarPage":378,"title":413,"instructions":414,"displayOrder":75,"type":408,"questionCount":69,"blankCount":16,"isCompleted":15,"ogImageUrl":415},"\u002Fapi\u002Fgrammar_exercises\u002F01a0f20c-a1ba-72d3-a3af-44d712918543","01a0f20c-a1ba-72d3-a3af-44d712918543","Narodowości i przymiotniki: formy w zdaniu","Dotknij kafelka, a potem odpowiedniej kolumny. Zwróć uwagę na formę i funkcję wyrazów w zdaniu.","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_0c6bae94-82b2-410a-ba6c-813b027be90a_hero.webp?v=1790767309",null]