[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"grammar-page-ru-bezlichnye-predlozheniya-o-pogode-i-samochuvstvii":3,"grammar-exercises-by-page-01a0bb78-d59b-74f6-820c-55940b6dfdad":315,"exercise-list-path-ru-none":345},{"id":4,"title":5,"slug":6,"seoDescription":7,"content":8,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":11,"grammarTopics":12,"createdAt":18,"updatedAt":19,"vocabularyLists":20,"readyImages":314},"01a0bb78-d59b-74f6-820c-55940b6dfdad","Безличные предложения о погоде и самочувствии","bezlichnye-predlozheniya-o-pogode-i-samochuvstvii","Безличные предложения о погоде и самочувствии — как описывать холод, дождь, боль и состояние человека без подлежащего, используя дательный падеж.","Безли́чное предложе́ние называ́ет состоя́ние и́ли собы́тие без де́йствующего лица́ в имени́тельном падеже́. По-ру́сски не ну́жно добавля́ть осо́бое сло́во в значе́нии «оно́»: **На у́лице хо́лодно. Мне пло́хо. Темне́ет.**\n\n## 1. Как устро́ено безли́чное предложе́ние\n\nВ безли́чном предложе́нии нельзя́ найти́ подлежа́щее, кото́рое отвеча́ет на вопро́с **кто?** и́ли **что?** Гла́вный член сообща́ет о пого́де, окружа́ющей обстано́вке и́ли состоя́нии челове́ка.\n\n| Спо́соб вы́разить состоя́ние | Приме́р |\n| --- | --- |\n| сло́во состоя́ния | **Здесь ти́хо.** |\n| безли́чный глаго́л | **Темне́ет.** |\n| фо́рма про́шлого вре́мени | **Вчера́ бы́ло хо́лодно.** |\n| фо́рма бу́дущего вре́мени | **За́втра бу́дет тепло́.** |\n\n:::example\n**В ко́мнате ду́шно.** Здесь нет подлежа́щего: предложе́ние опи́сывает состоя́ние во́здуха и всей обстано́вки.\n:::\n\n## 2. Пого́да и окружа́ющая обстано́вка\n\nДля о́бщей оце́нки пого́ды ча́сто испо́льзуются слова́ **тепло́, хо́лодно, жа́рко, па́смурно, со́лнечно, ве́трено**.\n\n- **Сего́дня па́смурно.**\n- **На мо́ре бы́ло жа́рко.**\n- **К ве́черу похолода́ло.**\n- **За́втра бу́дет ве́трено.**\n\nНе ка́ждое предложе́ние о пого́де безли́чное. В предложе́ниях **Идёт дождь** и **Ду́ет ве́тер** слова́ **дождь** и **ве́тер** явля́ются подлежа́щими.\n\n:::tip\nПопро́буйте зада́ть вопро́с **что?** Е́сли есть отве́т **дождь**, **снег** и́ли **ве́тер**, у предложе́ния есть подлежа́щее. В предложе́нии **На у́лице хо́лодно** тако́го отве́та нет.\n:::\n\n## 3. Кому́ хо́лодно и́ли ве́село\n\nЧелове́к, кото́рый чу́вствует состоя́ние, стои́т в да́тельном падеже́. Он не явля́ется подлежа́щим.\n\n| Лицо́ | Да́тельный паде́ж | Приме́р |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| я | мне | **Мне хо́лодно.** |\n| ты | тебе́ | **Тебе́ жа́рко?** |\n| он \u002F оно́ | ему́ | **Ему́ гру́стно.** |\n| она́ | ей | **Ей пло́хо.** |\n| мы | нам | **Нам ве́село.** |\n| вы | вам | **Вам удо́бно?** |\n| они́ | им | **Им ску́чно.** |\n\nСуществи́тельное то́же получа́ет фо́рму да́тельного падежа́: **Ма́ше хо́лодно. Ребёнку стра́шно.** Е́сли носи́тель состоя́ния не ва́жен, его́ мо́жно не называ́ть: **Здесь споко́йно.**\n\n## 4. Самочу́вствие и боль\n\nСлова́ **пло́хо, хорошо́, лу́чше, ху́же, бо́льно** опи́сывают са́мочувствие и ощуще́ния.\n\n:::example\n**Мне пло́хо.** — О́бщее самочу́вствие.\n\n**Мне бо́льно.** — Челове́к чу́вствует боль.\n\n**У меня́ боли́т голова́.** — На́звана часть те́ла; **голова́** явля́ется подлежа́щим.\n:::\n\n:::warning\nНе говори́те *Я хо́лодно*. Для ощуще́ния нужна́ фо́рма **мне хо́лодно**. Сочета́ние **я хо́лодный** соде́ржит прилага́тельное и опи́сывает самого́ челове́ка, а не его́ ощуще́ние.\n:::\n\n## 5. Вре́мя, отрица́ние и вопро́с\n\nСло́во состоя́ния не меня́ется. Про́шлое вре́мя передаёт фо́рма **бы́ло**, а бу́дущее — фо́рма **бу́дет**.\n\n| Вре́мя | Утвержде́ние | Отрица́ние и́ли вопро́с |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| настоя́щее | **Мне тепло́.** | **Тебе́ не хо́лодно?** |\n| про́шлое | **Нам бы́ло ве́село.** | **Ей не бы́ло стра́шно.** |\n| бу́дущее | **Здесь бу́дет ти́хо.** | **Вам бу́дет удо́бно?** |\n\n:::note\nФо́рмы **бы́ло** и **бу́дет** остаю́тся в еди́нственном числе́ сре́днего ро́да при любо́м лице́: **мне бы́ло**, **нам бы́ло**, **им бу́дет**.\n:::\n\n## 6. Кра́ткий ито́г\n\n1. В безли́чном предложе́нии нет подлежа́щего в имени́тельном падеже́.\n2. Пого́ду и обстано́вку мо́жно описа́ть слова́ми **хо́лодно, тепло́, па́смурно** и безли́чными глаго́лами.\n3. Челове́к со значе́нием состоя́ния стои́т в да́тельном падеже́: **мне пло́хо, Ма́ше жа́рко**.\n4. Для про́шлого и бу́дущего вре́мени испо́льзуйте **бы́ло** и **бу́дет**.\n5. 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