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1. 先确定说的是哪个范围\n\n**都**通常概括前面提到的人、事物或情况，表示这个范围内没有例外。范围也可以由上下文提供，不一定紧挨着“都”。\n\n:::example\n这三位老师**都**会说汉语。\n\n范围是“这三位老师”，不是所有老师。\n\n这些资料，我**都**看过了。\n\n范围是“这些资料”，不是“我”。\n:::\n\n理解句子时，可以先问：**谁都这样？哪些东西都这样？** 不要只看离“都”最近的词。\n\n**全**也能表示范围没有遗漏，还常常强调一个整体没有剩下的部分。\n\n- 学生**全**来了。——说的是这批学生。\n- 我把那杯水**全**喝了。——说的是杯子里的全部水。\n- **全班**都参加了活动。——“全班”明确范围，“都”说明这个范围内没有例外。\n\n## 2. “都”和“全”的位置与区别\n\n| 形式 | 主要作用 | 例句 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 范围＋都＋谓语 | 概括已确定的范围 | 这些建议我**都**考虑过。 |\n| 范围＋全＋谓语 | 表示全部如此，或整体没有剩余 | 这些建议我**全**考虑过。 |\n| 全＋某些表示整体的名词 | 直接组成表示整体范围的短语 | **全班、全校、全年** |\n| 整体范围＋全都＋谓语 | 明确强调没有遗漏 | 这些建议我**全都**考虑过。 |\n\n“都”和副词“全”有时可以替换，但不能因此认为它们在任何位置都一样。\n\n例如，**全班**是自然的说法，却不能把“全”直接换成“都”，说成“都班”。“全”也不能任意放在所有名词前：要表示所有书，通常说**所有的书**或**全部的书**，而不是用“全书”；“全书”通常指一本书的整个内容。\n\n:::note\n**全班都来了**并不多余：“全班”说明范围，“都”概括这个范围。两者可以同时使用。\n:::\n\n## 3. “都不”和“不都”：否定的位置决定意思\n\n在普通陈述句中，**都＋否定词**通常表示范围内每一个对象都不符合后面的情况；**否定词＋都**则否定“全部如此”。\n\n| 形式 | 例句 | 这里表达的意思 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 都不 | 这些方案**都不**合适。 | 没有一个方案合适。 |\n| 不都 | 这些方案**不都**合适。 | 不能说所有方案都合适。 |\n| 都没（有） | 三位代表**都没**到场。 | 三个人一个也没到场。 |\n| 没有都 | 三位代表**没有都**到场。 | 至少有一位没到场。 |\n\n“不”常用于否定性质、习惯、意愿等；“没（有）”常用于否定已经发生的事情。两者的选择仍取决于所说的情况。\n\n:::example\n**情况一：**三个方案都有严重问题。\n\n这些方案**都不合适**，我们得重新讨论。\n\n**情况二：**第一个方案可以采用，另外两个不行。\n\n这些方案**不都合适**，只有第一个可以采用。\n:::\n\n:::warning\n**不都**不等于“都不”。“不都合适”只否定“全部合适”，不说明到底有几个合适。\n\n日常交流中，它常让人理解为“一部分合适，一部分不合适”，但单靠这个结构，并不能保证一定有合适的。需要准确说明时，要补上具体情况。\n:::\n\n## 4. “全”的否定：全部没发生，还是没有完成全部\n\n“全”作副词时，也要看否定词在它前面还是后面。\n\n| 形式 | 例句 | 意思 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 全没（有） | 这些邮件我**全没看**。 | 一封也没看。 |\n| 没（有）全 | 这些邮件我**没全看**。 | 没有看完这批邮件中的全部邮件。 |\n| 全都不是 | 这些照片**全都不是**我拍的。 | 没有一张是我拍的。 |\n| 不全是 | 这些照片**不全是**我拍的。 | 不能说每一张都是我拍的。 |\n\n:::example\n一共有十封邮件，我只看了六封。\n\n这些邮件我**还没全看**，剩下四封下午再看。\n\n桌上原来有一盘饼干，现在还剩两块。\n\n我**没全吃完**，还给你留了两块。\n:::\n\n“没全看”强调**没有看全部**；“全没看”强调**全部都没有看**。如果想说每一封都开始看了，但没有一封看完，应直接说“每封都看了一部分，但都没看完”。\n\n:::tip\n要表达“没有一个是……”，通常说**都不是**或**全都不是**；要表达“不是每一个都是……”，可以说**不全是**。不要为了追求形式对称，机械地把每个“都不”都换成“全不”。\n:::\n\n## 5. 有些“不都是”其实是在反问\n\n前面的区别适用于普通陈述句。带有反问语气的**不都……吗**，意思往往不是“有例外”，而是在提醒对方：本来就是全部如此。\n\n:::example\n**陈述：**这些照片不都是我拍的，其中两张是小林拍的。\n\n意思是：并非每一张都是我拍的。\n\n**反问：**这些照片不都是你拍的吗？怎么连拍摄地点都忘了？\n\n说话人认为：这些照片都是对方拍的。\n:::\n\n因此，看到“不都”时，不能只按词序判断，还要看**上下文、句末语气词和说话语气**。“这些照片不全是你拍的吗？”也可能用作反问，表达说话人原来认为照片全是对方拍的。\n\n## 6. 表达前的三个检查\n\n1. **确定范围。** 是这几个人、这些东西，还是一个东西的全部？\n2. **确定否定的意思。** 一个也没有，还是没有达到全部？\n3. **检查句子用途。** 是直接说明情况，还是用反问提醒、确认？\n\n最后记住这组对比：\n\n- **都没来／全没来**：一个也没来。\n- **没有都来／没全来**：没有所有人都来。\n- **都不是／全都不是**：没有一个是。\n- 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id=\"section\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">1.\u003C\u002Fspan>先确定说的是哪个范围\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>都\u003C\u002Fstrong>通常概括前面提到的人、事物或情况，表示这个范围内没有例外。范围也可以由上下文提供，不一定紧挨着“都”。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>这三位老师\u003Cstrong>都\u003C\u002Fstrong>会说汉语。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>范围是“这三位老师”，不是所有老师。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>这些资料，我\u003Cstrong>都\u003C\u002Fstrong>看过了。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>范围是“这些资料”，不是“我”。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>理解句子时，可以先问：\u003Cstrong>谁都这样？哪些东西都这样？\u003C\u002Fstrong> 不要只看离“都”最近的词。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>全\u003C\u002Fstrong>也能表示范围没有遗漏，还常常强调一个整体没有剩下的部分。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>学生\u003Cstrong>全\u003C\u002Fstrong>来了。——说的是这批学生。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>我把那杯水\u003Cstrong>全\u003C\u002Fstrong>喝了。——说的是杯子里的全部水。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>全班\u003C\u002Fstrong>都参加了活动。——“全班”明确范围，“都”说明这个范围内没有例外。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-2\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">2.\u003C\u002Fspan>“都”和“全”的位置与区别\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>形式\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>主要作用\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>例句\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>范围＋都＋谓语\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>概括已确定的范围\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>这些建议我\u003Cstrong>都\u003C\u002Fstrong>考虑过。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>范围＋全＋谓语\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>表示全部如此，或整体没有剩余\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>这些建议我\u003Cstrong>全\u003C\u002Fstrong>考虑过。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>全＋某些表示整体的名词\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>直接组成表示整体范围的短语\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>全班、全校、全年\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>整体范围＋全都＋谓语\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>明确强调没有遗漏\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>这些建议我\u003Cstrong>全都\u003C\u002Fstrong>考虑过。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>“都”和副词“全”有时可以替换，但不能因此认为它们在任何位置都一样。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>例如，\u003Cstrong>全班\u003C\u002Fstrong>是自然的说法，却不能把“全”直接换成“都”，说成“都班”。“全”也不能任意放在所有名词前：要表示所有书，通常说\u003Cstrong>所有的书\u003C\u002Fstrong>或\u003Cstrong>全部的书\u003C\u002Fstrong>，而不是用“全书”；“全书”通常指一本书的整个内容。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--note\">\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>全班都来了\u003C\u002Fstrong>并不多余：“全班”说明范围，“都”概括这个范围。两者可以同时使用。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-3\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">3.\u003C\u002Fspan>“都不”和“不都”：否定的位置决定意思\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>在普通陈述句中，\u003Cstrong>都＋否定词\u003C\u002Fstrong>通常表示范围内每一个对象都不符合后面的情况；\u003Cstrong>否定词＋都\u003C\u002Fstrong>则否定“全部如此”。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>形式\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>例句\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>这里表达的意思\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>都不\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>这些方案\u003Cstrong>都不\u003C\u002Fstrong>合适。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>没有一个方案合适。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>不都\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>这些方案\u003Cstrong>不都\u003C\u002Fstrong>合适。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>不能说所有方案都合适。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>都没（有）\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>三位代表\u003Cstrong>都没\u003C\u002Fstrong>到场。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>三个人一个也没到场。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>没有都\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>三位代表\u003Cstrong>没有都\u003C\u002Fstrong>到场。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>至少有一位没到场。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>“不”常用于否定性质、习惯、意愿等；“没（有）”常用于否定已经发生的事情。两者的选择仍取决于所说的情况。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>**情况一：**三个方案都有严重问题。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>这些方案\u003Cstrong>都不合适\u003C\u002Fstrong>，我们得重新讨论。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>**情况二：**第一个方案可以采用，另外两个不行。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>这些方案\u003Cstrong>不都合适\u003C\u002Fstrong>，只有第一个可以采用。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--warning\">\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>不都\u003C\u002Fstrong>不等于“都不”。“不都合适”只否定“全部合适”，不说明到底有几个合适。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>日常交流中，它常让人理解为“一部分合适，一部分不合适”，但单靠这个结构，并不能保证一定有合适的。需要准确说明时，要补上具体情况。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-4\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">4.\u003C\u002Fspan>“全”的否定：全部没发生，还是没有完成全部\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>“全”作副词时，也要看否定词在它前面还是后面。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>形式\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>例句\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>意思\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>全没（有）\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>这些邮件我\u003Cstrong>全没看\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>一封也没看。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>没（有）全\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>这些邮件我\u003Cstrong>没全看\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>没有看完这批邮件中的全部邮件。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>全都不是\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>这些照片\u003Cstrong>全都不是\u003C\u002Fstrong>我拍的。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>没有一张是我拍的。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>不全是\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>这些照片\u003Cstrong>不全是\u003C\u002Fstrong>我拍的。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>不能说每一张都是我拍的。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>一共有十封邮件，我只看了六封。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>这些邮件我\u003Cstrong>还没全看\u003C\u002Fstrong>，剩下四封下午再看。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>桌上原来有一盘饼干，现在还剩两块。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>我\u003Cstrong>没全吃完\u003C\u002Fstrong>，还给你留了两块。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>“没全看”强调\u003Cstrong>没有看全部\u003C\u002Fstrong>；“全没看”强调\u003Cstrong>全部都没有看\u003C\u002Fstrong>。如果想说每一封都开始看了，但没有一封看完，应直接说“每封都看了一部分，但都没看完”。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--tip\">\u003Cp>要表达“没有一个是……”，通常说\u003Cstrong>都不是\u003C\u002Fstrong>或\u003Cstrong>全都不是\u003C\u002Fstrong>；要表达“不是每一个都是……”，可以说\u003Cstrong>不全是\u003C\u002Fstrong>。不要为了追求形式对称，机械地把每个“都不”都换成“全不”。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-5\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">5.\u003C\u002Fspan>有些“不都是”其实是在反问\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>前面的区别适用于普通陈述句。带有反问语气的\u003Cstrong>不都……吗\u003C\u002Fstrong>，意思往往不是“有例外”，而是在提醒对方：本来就是全部如此。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>**陈述：**这些照片不都是我拍的，其中两张是小林拍的。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>意思是：并非每一张都是我拍的。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>**反问：**这些照片不都是你拍的吗？怎么连拍摄地点都忘了？\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>说话人认为：这些照片都是对方拍的。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>因此，看到“不都”时，不能只按词序判断，还要看\u003Cstrong>上下文、句末语气词和说话语气\u003C\u002Fstrong>。“这些照片不全是你拍的吗？”也可能用作反问，表达说话人原来认为照片全是对方拍的。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-6\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">6.\u003C\u002Fspan>表达前的三个检查\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Col>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>确定范围。\u003C\u002Fstrong> 是这几个人、这些东西，还是一个东西的全部？\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>确定否定的意思。\u003C\u002Fstrong> 一个也没有，还是没有达到全部？\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>检查句子用途。\u003C\u002Fstrong> 是直接说明情况，还是用反问提醒、确认？\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Fol>\n\u003Cp>最后记住这组对比：\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>都没来／全没来\u003C\u002Fstrong>：一个也没来。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>没有都来／没全来\u003C\u002Fstrong>：没有所有人都来。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>都不是／全都不是\u003C\u002Fstrong>：没有一个是。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>不都是／不全是\u003C\u002Fstrong>：在普通陈述句中，表示不能说全部都是。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>需要说明“一部分怎样，另一部分怎样”时，最好继续说清楚，不让读者只靠猜测判断具体数量。\u003C\u002Fp>\n",[1340,1344,1348,1352,1356,1360],{"id":1341,"text":1342,"depth":16,"number":1343},"section","先确定说的是哪个范围","1",{"id":1345,"text":1346,"depth":16,"number":1347},"section-2","“都”和“全”的位置与区别","2",{"id":1349,"text":1350,"depth":16,"number":1351},"section-3","“都不”和“不都”：否定的位置决定意思","3",{"id":1353,"text":1354,"depth":16,"number":1355},"section-4","“全”的否定：全部没发生，还是没有完成全部","4",{"id":1357,"text":1358,"depth":16,"number":1359},"section-5","有些“不都是”其实是在反问","5",{"id":1361,"text":1362,"depth":16,"number":1363},"section-6","表达前的三个检查","6"]