[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"grammar-page-zh-ju-jing-yu-yu-shumian-jieci-jiegou":3,"grammar-exercises-by-page-01a0e1ad-b61b-7efb-b975-53c7e493ee4b":441,"exercise-list-path-zh-none":457},{"id":4,"title":5,"slug":6,"seoDescription":7,"content":8,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":11,"grammarTopics":12,"createdAt":19,"updatedAt":20,"vocabularyLists":21,"primaryTopicHub":438,"readyImages":440},"01a0e1ad-b61b-7efb-b975-53c7e493ee4b","“据、经、于”与书面介词结构","ju-jing-yu-yu-shumian-jieci-jiegou","掌握书面介词据、经、于的功能、搭配和位置，在报告、新闻与正式说明中准确区分依据、消息来源、程序及中间环节，理解于引出的时间、地点、来源、对象和比较关系。通过例句辨认结构的修饰范围，说明程序是否完成，避免把据与经混用，或把在、向、对、比一律换成于，并根据上下文选择清楚、自然且符合语体的表达方式。","在报告、新闻和正式说明中，**据、经、于**可以使关系表达更简洁，但三者并不是可以随意替换的“正式用语”。要用得准确，需要分清依据与来源、程序与中间环节，以及时间、地点、对象等关系，同时注意搭配、位置和修饰范围。\n\n## 1. 先判断要表达什么关系\n\n| 形式 | 核心作用 | 常见结构 | 例句 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| **据** | 引出依据或消息来源 | 据＋材料、来源等 | **据会议记录**，双方未达成一致。 |\n| **经** | 引出所经过的程序或环节 | 经＋审核、协商等 | **经双方协商**，交货日期延后一周。 |\n| **于** | 引出时间、地点或与谓语有关的对象 | 于＋时间、地点；特定谓语＋于＋对象 | 展览**于五月开幕**。这一结论**适用于本案**。 |\n\n同一个事件可以从不同角度来写：**据专家意见**突出判断的依据，**经专家评审**突出已经进行的程序。选词时，先明确关系，再考虑是否需要书面表达。\n\n### 与其他常见书面介词比较\n\n| 形式 | 常见作用 | 例句 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| **以** | 引出方式、手段或依据等 | 申请人应**以书面形式**提交意见。 |\n| **由** | 引出执行者、责任主体或来源等 | 本办法**由主管部门**负责解释。 |\n| **自** | 引出时间或空间的起点 | 本办法**自七月一日起**施行。 |\n| **对于** | 引出所针对的对象 | **对于逾期申请**，本机构不予受理。 |\n| **关于** | 引出话题或涉及的事项 | **关于申报流程**，请参阅附件。 |\n\n“于”与“对于”的界线要结合搭配判断：“该标准**适用于新建住宅**”中的“于”紧接“适用”，不能改成“适用对于”；若要先提出讨论对象，可以说“**对于新建住宅，应采用该标准**”。“关于”侧重话题，如“关于申报流程的说明”；“对于”侧重针对某个对象的态度或处理方式。\n\n“由”可以引出动作的执行者：“会议**由秘书处组织**”；“于”则可引出事件的时间或地点：“会议**于周五举行**”。二者也可连用：“会议由秘书处组织，于周五举行”，分别交代组织者和举行时间。\n\n## 2. “据”：依据与消息来源\n\n**据**常放在名词性成分前，引出文件、数据、记录或信息提供者。整个结构通常放在句首；“据初步估算”等结构也可以自然地放在主语后、谓语前，但不宜把所有句首来源结构都机械地移到主语后。\n\n:::example\n**据最新统计数据**，该市常住人口略有增长。\n\n该项目**据初步估算**需投资两亿元。\n\n**据现场工作人员介绍**，设备将于下周恢复运行。\n:::\n\n第一句先交代数据依据，层次清楚；第二句在主语后交代投资金额的估算依据。第三句中的“据现场工作人员介绍”属于常见的来源表达，不能机械地限定为“据后面只能接一个名词”。\n\n需要区分两类关系：\n\n- **据合同约定，买方应在月底前付款。**——把合同约定作为说明义务的依据。\n- **据买方介绍，款项已于昨日汇出。**——交代消息由谁提供，不等于款项已经得到独立核实。\n\n**据悉、据报道、据调查**都是常见的书面表达，但省略具体来源不等于来源不重要。在需要核查的报告中，应尽量明确材料、机构或调查范围。\n\n:::note\n**据**与**根据**在不少依据结构中可以替换，如“据合同约定／根据合同约定”。但固定表达不能逐字替换：“据悉”不能改成“根据悉”。“据说”也常用于日常交流，并非所有带“据”的表达都具有正式语体色彩。\n:::\n\n## 3. “经”：程序、中间环节与完成情况\n\n**经**常用于审核、批准、讨论、协商等程序性表达，相当于较凝练的“经过”。后面的成分可以直接表示程序，也可以包含参与者。\n\n:::example\n**经审核**，申请材料符合要求。\n\n**经主管部门批准**，项目正式启动。\n\n**经双方协商**，原定方案保持不变。\n:::\n\n“经主管部门批准”中，主管部门是批准者；整个结构说明项目启动前所经过的程序。**经**本身并不表示“结果成功”：结果取决于后面的词语及主句。\n\n- **经审核，申请未获通过。**——审核已经进行，但申请没有通过。\n- **未经批准，不得转载。**——“未经”表示没有经过相应程序；此处没有取得批准。\n- **须经审核后方可发布。**——程序尚未完成，句子规定发布前必须经过审核。\n\n因此，不能把“经”直接理解成过去时标记。它还可引出路线或中间环节，如“货物**经上海转运至南京**”。\n\n:::warning\n**据审核报告，申请未获通过。**重在交代信息依据。\n\n**经审核，申请未获通过。**重在交代处理程序。\n\n两句都成立，但表达关系不同，不能仅因两者都属于书面语就互换。\n:::\n\n## 4. “于”：位置由关系和搭配决定\n\n**于**的功能较多，既可出现在谓语前，也常紧接某些谓语之后。不能把它当成“在、向、对、比”的通用书面替代词。\n\n| 关系 | 常见位置或搭配 | 例句 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 时间 | 于＋时间＋谓语 | 本办法**于七月一日施行**。 |\n| 时间 | 特定动词＋于＋时间 | 该协会**成立于一九九八年**。 |\n| 地点 | 于＋地点＋谓语 | 会议**于北京举行**。 |\n| 地点 | 特定动词＋于＋地点 | 研究中心**位于城南**。 |\n| 来源 | 源于、取材于等 | 故事情节**取材于真实事件**。 |\n| 对象或范围 | 适用于、有利于、致力于等 | 该标准**适用于新建住宅**。 |\n| 比较 | 高于、低于、优于等 | 实际支出**低于预算**。 |\n\n“于七月一日施行”说明施行的时间点；“自七月一日起施行”明确以这一天为起点。法规条文中若要突出起始日期，宜用“自……起”，避免将两种结构混成“于七月一日起”。\n\n谓语前后的结构有时表达相近关系，例如“该协会**于一九九八年成立**”和“该协会**成立于一九九八年**”。前者适合按时间顺序叙述事件；后者常用于介绍机构的成立时间。“成立、诞生、始”等动词常与后置的“于＋时间”搭配，如“该刊物**诞生于二十世纪初**”“两校的合作**始于一九九八年**”。这种位置变化受谓语搭配限制，不能推广到所有动词；表达一般事件的时间时，可优先采用谓语前的时间结构，如“会议于五月召开”。\n\n:::example\n✓ 本规定**适用于境内企业**。\n\n✗ 本规定**于境内企业适用**。\n\n✓ 请**向工作人员咨询**。\n\n✗ 请**于工作人员咨询**。\n:::\n\n第一组中，应保留“适用于＋对象”的搭配。第二组中，咨询对象用“向”引出，不能为了显得正式而换成“于”。\n\n## 5. 连用时看清修饰范围\n\n几种结构可以出现在同一句中，但各自承担的功能应当清楚。\n\n:::example\n**据会议纪要**，方案**经专家评审后**，将**于下月实施**。\n\n- **据会议纪要**：交代整条消息的依据。\n- **经专家评审后**：交代实施前的程序。\n- **于下月**：限定实施时间。\n:::\n\n这句话没有单凭“经”就说明评审已经完成。如果完成情况关系重大，应直接写明，而不要让读者猜测：\n\n- 已完成：据会议纪要，方案**已通过专家评审**，将于下月实施。\n- 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