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1. 致使结构中的两层关系\n\n致使结构把“引发变化”和“发生变化”联系起来。基本形式是：**致使者＋使／令／让＋受影响者＋后续谓语**。\n\n例如，“持续降雨使道路积水”包含两层关系：持续降雨引发变化，道路出现积水。这里的“道路”既是“使”的宾语，又是后续谓语“积水”的主语，因此传统语法把这类结构称为**兼语句**。\n\n| 成分 | 作用 | 例句中的内容 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 致使者 | 引发某种情况的人、事物或事件 | 持续降雨 |\n| 致使动词 | 连接原因与后续情况 | 使 |\n| 受影响者 | 执行动作或处于某种状态 | 道路 |\n| 后续谓语 | 说明动作、状态或变化 | 积水 |\n\n致使者不一定有意采取行动；受影响者也不一定是人。\n\n:::example\n- **她的解释使我改变了看法。**——事件引发认识上的变化。\n- **设备老化使维修成本不断上升。**——客观条件造成持续变化。\n- **这个消息令人振奋。**——消息引起人的心理反应。\n:::\n\n## 2. 三个词的语体与搭配\n\n三者有重叠，但不能按“口语词换成书面词”的方式机械替换。\n\n| 形式 | 常见表达重点 | 语体与搭配倾向 | 示例 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| **使** | 因果关系、状态变化 | 较正式，常见于说明、分析和论述 | 新系统使数据处理更加高效。 |\n| **令** | 感受、评价或状态 | 书面色彩较浓，常与心理反应及评价性谓语搭配 | 这一结果令研究人员深感意外。 |\n| **让** | 造成影响，也可表示要求或许可 | 日常表达常用，也能进入正式文本 | 这番话让双方重新看到了合作的可能。 |\n\n**令**并不限于心理反应，如“连续降雨令水位明显上升”也成立。不过，在客观分析中，“使水位明显上升”通常更中性。\n\n比较同一内容的表达效果：\n\n- **这件事让我很失望。**——自然、直接，适合日常叙述。\n- **这件事使我感到失望。**——较正式，突出事情造成的影响。\n- **这件事令我深感失望。**——书面色彩和评价意味更明显。\n\n:::note\n“令”还可表示命令，如“负责人令各部门立即整改”。这里强调发出指令，不等于整改已经完成，也不能与表示心理反应的“令人失望”混为一谈。\n:::\n\n## 3. “让”的致使、要求与许可\n\n**让**的含义需要结合上下文判断，不能只看句式。\n\n| 用法 | 判断重点 | 示例 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 致使 | 某个原因引发了后续情况 | 刺耳的铃声让她猛地站了起来。 |\n| 要求、安排 | 有人要求或安排另一个人做事 | 主持人让大家依次发言。 |\n| 许可 | 有权决定的人同意某人做事 | 她想提前离开，主管让她走了。 |\n\n“主管让她走”既可能表示主管要求她离开，也可能表示主管允许她离开。脱离语境，不能强行确定其中一种解释。\n\n:::example\n**突出要求：**主管认为她需要休息，让她马上回家，但她坚持留了下来。\n\n**突出许可：**她提出想回家休息，主管同意了，让她提前下班。\n\n**突出结果：**连续加班让她疲惫不堪。\n:::\n\n需要消除歧义时，可直接使用**要求、安排、允许、同意**。同样，不宜把“主管允许我提前下班”机械地改成“主管使我提前下班”：后者表达造成这一结果，并不明确表示许可。\n\n## 4. 后续谓语与结果是否实现\n\n后续谓语可以表示动作、心理活动、状态或变化，不必都是带宾语的动作动词。\n\n- 动作：强烈的震动**使杯子从桌上掉了下来**。\n- 心理活动：她的分析**使我意识到问题的严重性**。\n- 状态：明确的分工**使合作更加顺畅**。\n- 身份变化：这次选举**使他成为委员会的新任主席**。\n\n表达形容词性状态时，一般不加“是”：说“使合作更加顺畅”，不说“使合作是更加顺畅”。表达变化后的身份，可以用“成为”。\n\n还要区分**结果陈述**与**预期、目的、可能性**：\n\n:::example\n**改进后的界面使操作更简便了。**——陈述已经出现的变化。\n\n**我们希望这次改进能使操作更简便。**——表达愿望，尚未确认结果。\n\n**这项调整可能让部分用户感到不便。**——提出可能的影响。\n:::\n\n:::warning\n致使结构本身不保证结果已经实现。要同时检查“希望、为了、可能、能”等词和上下文。表示要求的“让他提交报告”，也不等于“他已经提交了报告”。\n:::\n\n## 5. 否定范围与句义辨析\n\n否定放在致使动词之前，通常否定致使关系；放在后续谓语中，则把否定状态作为造成的结果。具体解释仍受动词意义和语境影响。\n\n| 表达 | 重点 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 这番解释**没有使她放心**。 | 解释未产生让她放心的效果。 |\n| 新增的安全措施**使她不再担心**。 | 安全措施带来的结果是不再担心。 |\n| 主管**不让他参加会议**。 | 通常表示主管不允许他参加。 |\n| 这个安排**让他不用参加会议**。 | 安排使他免于参加，并非禁止他参加。 |\n\n“没有使她放心”只否定所说的致使效果，并不单凭这句话断定她在所有情况下都不放心。\n\n**未能使**常突出预期效果没有实现：\n\n:::example\n公司补充了说明，但**未能使公众消除疑虑**。\n\n这里否定的是说明所应产生的效果；若改成“使公众不再有疑虑”，就变成了效果已经实现的陈述。\n:::\n\n此外，“让”也可用于被动表达。辨别时要看句首成分与后续动作的关系：\n\n- **我让同事修改了报告。**——“我”安排同事修改，属于要求、安排。\n- **我的报告让同事改坏了。**——“报告”是“改”的对象，这里的“让”引出动作执行者，属于被动表达。\n\n## 6. 写作时的选择顺序\n\n1. **先确定关系。**是在说明原因造成的影响，还是在表达要求或许可？\n2. **再选择语体。**客观论述常用“使”；带评价色彩的书面表达常用“令”；自然叙述及要求、许可常用“让”。这些是倾向，不是绝对限制。\n3. **检查后续谓语。**明确谁执行动作、谁处于状态，避免角色错配。\n4. 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id=\"section\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">1.\u003C\u002Fspan>致使结构中的两层关系\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>致使结构把“引发变化”和“发生变化”联系起来。基本形式是：\u003Cstrong>致使者＋使／令／让＋受影响者＋后续谓语\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>例如，“持续降雨使道路积水”包含两层关系：持续降雨引发变化，道路出现积水。这里的“道路”既是“使”的宾语，又是后续谓语“积水”的主语，因此传统语法把这类结构称为\u003Cstrong>兼语句\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>成分\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>作用\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>例句中的内容\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>致使者\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>引发某种情况的人、事物或事件\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>持续降雨\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>致使动词\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>连接原因与后续情况\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>使\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>受影响者\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>执行动作或处于某种状态\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>道路\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>后续谓语\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>说明动作、状态或变化\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>积水\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>致使者不一定有意采取行动；受影响者也不一定是人。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>她的解释使我改变了看法。\u003C\u002Fstrong>——事件引发认识上的变化。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>设备老化使维修成本不断上升。\u003C\u002Fstrong>——客观条件造成持续变化。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>这个消息令人振奋。\u003C\u002Fstrong>——消息引起人的心理反应。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-2\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">2.\u003C\u002Fspan>三个词的语体与搭配\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>三者有重叠，但不能按“口语词换成书面词”的方式机械替换。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>形式\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>常见表达重点\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>语体与搭配倾向\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>示例\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>使\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>因果关系、状态变化\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>较正式，常见于说明、分析和论述\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>新系统使数据处理更加高效。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>令\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>感受、评价或状态\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>书面色彩较浓，常与心理反应及评价性谓语搭配\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>这一结果令研究人员深感意外。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>让\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>造成影响，也可表示要求或许可\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>日常表达常用，也能进入正式文本\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>这番话让双方重新看到了合作的可能。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>令\u003C\u002Fstrong>并不限于心理反应，如“连续降雨令水位明显上升”也成立。不过，在客观分析中，“使水位明显上升”通常更中性。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>比较同一内容的表达效果：\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>这件事让我很失望。\u003C\u002Fstrong>——自然、直接，适合日常叙述。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>这件事使我感到失望。\u003C\u002Fstrong>——较正式，突出事情造成的影响。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>这件事令我深感失望。\u003C\u002Fstrong>——书面色彩和评价意味更明显。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--note\">\u003Cp>“令”还可表示命令，如“负责人令各部门立即整改”。这里强调发出指令，不等于整改已经完成，也不能与表示心理反应的“令人失望”混为一谈。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-3\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">3.\u003C\u002Fspan>“让”的致使、要求与许可\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>让\u003C\u002Fstrong>的含义需要结合上下文判断，不能只看句式。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>用法\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>判断重点\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>示例\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>致使\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>某个原因引发了后续情况\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>刺耳的铃声让她猛地站了起来。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>要求、安排\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>有人要求或安排另一个人做事\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>主持人让大家依次发言。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>许可\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>有权决定的人同意某人做事\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>她想提前离开，主管让她走了。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>“主管让她走”既可能表示主管要求她离开，也可能表示主管允许她离开。脱离语境，不能强行确定其中一种解释。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>**突出要求：**主管认为她需要休息，让她马上回家，但她坚持留了下来。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>**突出许可：**她提出想回家休息，主管同意了，让她提前下班。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>**突出结果：**连续加班让她疲惫不堪。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>需要消除歧义时，可直接使用\u003Cstrong>要求、安排、允许、同意\u003C\u002Fstrong>。同样，不宜把“主管允许我提前下班”机械地改成“主管使我提前下班”：后者表达造成这一结果，并不明确表示许可。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-4\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">4.\u003C\u002Fspan>后续谓语与结果是否实现\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>后续谓语可以表示动作、心理活动、状态或变化，不必都是带宾语的动作动词。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>动作：强烈的震动\u003Cstrong>使杯子从桌上掉了下来\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>心理活动：她的分析\u003Cstrong>使我意识到问题的严重性\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>状态：明确的分工\u003Cstrong>使合作更加顺畅\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>身份变化：这次选举\u003Cstrong>使他成为委员会的新任主席\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>表达形容词性状态时，一般不加“是”：说“使合作更加顺畅”，不说“使合作是更加顺畅”。表达变化后的身份，可以用“成为”。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>还要区分\u003Cstrong>结果陈述\u003C\u002Fstrong>与\u003Cstrong>预期、目的、可能性\u003C\u002Fstrong>：\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>改进后的界面使操作更简便了。\u003C\u002Fstrong>——陈述已经出现的变化。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>我们希望这次改进能使操作更简便。\u003C\u002Fstrong>——表达愿望，尚未确认结果。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>这项调整可能让部分用户感到不便。\u003C\u002Fstrong>——提出可能的影响。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--warning\">\u003Cp>致使结构本身不保证结果已经实现。要同时检查“希望、为了、可能、能”等词和上下文。表示要求的“让他提交报告”，也不等于“他已经提交了报告”。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-5\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">5.\u003C\u002Fspan>否定范围与句义辨析\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>否定放在致使动词之前，通常否定致使关系；放在后续谓语中，则把否定状态作为造成的结果。具体解释仍受动词意义和语境影响。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>表达\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>重点\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>这番解释\u003Cstrong>没有使她放心\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>解释未产生让她放心的效果。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>新增的安全措施\u003Cstrong>使她不再担心\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>安全措施带来的结果是不再担心。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>主管\u003Cstrong>不让他参加会议\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>通常表示主管不允许他参加。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>这个安排\u003Cstrong>让他不用参加会议\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>安排使他免于参加，并非禁止他参加。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>“没有使她放心”只否定所说的致使效果，并不单凭这句话断定她在所有情况下都不放心。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>未能使\u003C\u002Fstrong>常突出预期效果没有实现：\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>公司补充了说明，但\u003Cstrong>未能使公众消除疑虑\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>这里否定的是说明所应产生的效果；若改成“使公众不再有疑虑”，就变成了效果已经实现的陈述。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>此外，“让”也可用于被动表达。辨别时要看句首成分与后续动作的关系：\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>我让同事修改了报告。\u003C\u002Fstrong>——“我”安排同事修改，属于要求、安排。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>我的报告让同事改坏了。\u003C\u002Fstrong>——“报告”是“改”的对象，这里的“让”引出动作执行者，属于被动表达。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-6\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">6.\u003C\u002Fspan>写作时的选择顺序\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Col>\n\u003Cli>**先确定关系。**是在说明原因造成的影响，还是在表达要求或许可？\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>**再选择语体。**客观论述常用“使”；带评价色彩的书面表达常用“令”；自然叙述及要求、许可常用“让”。这些是倾向，不是绝对限制。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>**检查后续谓语。**明确谁执行动作、谁处于状态，避免角色错配。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>**检查结果与否定。**区分已发生的影响、预期效果和未获许可，不要把“没有使……”与“使……不……”当作同义表达。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Fol>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--tip\">\u003Cp>遇到“让＋人＋动作”而意思不够明确时，先试着换成“要求”或“允许”。如果两种解释都成立，就补充上下文，而不是仅靠换成“使”或“令”来提高正式程度。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n",[1341,1345,1349,1353,1357,1361],{"id":1342,"text":1343,"depth":16,"number":1344},"section","致使结构中的两层关系","1",{"id":1346,"text":1347,"depth":16,"number":1348},"section-2","三个词的语体与搭配","2",{"id":1350,"text":1351,"depth":16,"number":1352},"section-3","“让”的致使、要求与许可","3",{"id":1354,"text":1355,"depth":16,"number":1356},"section-4","后续谓语与结果是否实现","4",{"id":1358,"text":1359,"depth":16,"number":1360},"section-5","否定范围与句义辨析","5",{"id":1362,"text":1363,"depth":16,"number":1364},"section-6","写作时的选择顺序","6"]