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1. 三种形式，各有分工\n\n| 形式 | 本页讨论的主要作用 | 例子 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| **之** | 连接修饰语和中心语；在部分固定或较固定的表达中充当代词 | 问题**之**所在；置**之**不理 |\n| **其** | 指向已出现或可以确定的对象，表示所属关系，或作小句的主语 | **其**研究方法；促使**其**改变计划 |\n| **者** | 接在某些词语后，指具有相应身份、行为或特征的人；也用于区分前后两项 | 研究**者**；前**者**与后**者** |\n\n三者虽然都有书面色彩，却不必同时出现。正式文章的首要要求仍然是准确、清楚，而不是尽可能使用文言形式。\n\n## 2. “之”：连接关系与保留搭配\n\n在现代书面语中，**修饰语＋之＋中心语**常见于较凝练的表达。“之”连接的可以是所属关系，也可以是范围、性质等关系，并不限于“谁的东西”。\n\n:::example\n- 此次调查的**目的**是了解实际需求。→ 此次调查**之目的**是了解实际需求。\n- **问题之所在**，并非资金不足，而是分工不清。\n- 两种方案**之间**存在明显差异。\n- 这项决定并非**一时之举**。\n:::\n\n第一组两句的基本意思相同，但后一句明显更郑重，也更接近传统书面表达。在一般报告中，“调查的目的”往往已经足够正式。\n\n**之**不能作为“的”的通用替换形式。尤其当“的”后面没有中心语时，不能直接换成“之”。\n\n:::warning\n✓ 这份材料是**我的**。\n\n✗ 这份材料是**我之**。\n\n这里“我的”可以独立指称属于我的材料；“我之”不能承担同样的作用。\n:::\n\n另一些表达中的“之”是代词，指向前文提到的对象或事情，而不是连接两个成分：\n\n- **置之不理**：放在一边，不予理会。\n- **取而代之**：取代前面提到的人或事物。\n- **总之**：概括前面的内容，引出总结。\n\n这些表达应结合整体搭配学习，不能据此把任何动词后的“它”都换成“之”。\n\n## 3. “其”：先确定所指，再判断作用\n\n**其**常用于正式论述，可以指人，也可以指事物；所指是单数还是复数，要由上下文确定。它本身不表示性别，也不固定等于“他的”。\n\n| 位置与作用 | 例句 | 理解方式 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 放在名词前，表示所属或关联 | 该研究已完成，**其结果**将于下月公布。 | 该研究的结果 |\n| 放在小句的谓语前，作主语 | 委员会听取了申请人的说明，并要求**其补充材料**。 | 要求申请人补充材料 |\n| 出现在较固定的组合中 | 三项建议中，**其中两项**已获采纳。 | 三项建议里面的两项 |\n\n第二句中的“其”不是“其材料”的修饰语，而是“补充材料”的动作执行者。判断时，要看“其”后面接的是名词，还是一个陈述动作、状态的结构。\n\n:::note\n**其**并不总是指距离最近的名词。指代要结合语义判断；如果读者可能理解为不同对象，重复名称通常比继续使用“其”更清楚。\n:::\n\n:::example\n**可能含混：**研究组向评审委员会提交了其修改意见。\n\n“其修改意见”可能被理解为研究组的意见，也可能被理解为评审委员会的意见。\n\n**明确所指：**研究组向评审委员会提交了本组的修改意见。\n:::\n\n“其”也不能自由替代所有位置上的“他、它、他们”。例如，一般写“我们支持**他**”，不写“我们支持**其**”；但可以写“我们支持**其提出的方案**”。\n\n## 4. “者”：指人，也区分论述对象\n\n**者**接在某些表示行为、身份或特征的成分后，可以构成指人的名词性表达。它常用于概括一类人，而不着重介绍某个具体人物。\n\n:::example\n- **研究者**应说明数据来源。\n- 活动结束后，**参与者**填写了反馈表。\n- 培训将优先面向**有相关经验者**。\n:::\n\n“研究者、参与者”是常用称谓；“有相关经验者”则更明显地带有通知、说明等书面语色彩。在日常交流中，说“有相关经验的人”通常更自然。\n\n**者**并不是任意一个“的人”的替代形式。是否自然，取决于前面成分的长度、结构以及已有的表达习惯。描述具体人物时，不必为了正式而强行压缩：\n\n- 自然：昨天坐在我旁边的人是新同事。\n- 更适合概括身份：与会者包括教师和研究人员。\n\n此外，**前者、后者、两者、二者**不只指人，也可以指事物、方法或观点。\n\n:::example\n本文比较问卷调查与访谈。**前者**便于收集较多样本，**后者**便于深入了解个体经验；**两者**可以结合使用。\n:::\n\n这里“前者”对应先提到的问卷调查，“后者”对应后提到的访谈。如果已经列出三项以上内容，最好直接写出名称，避免对应不清。\n\n## 5. 正式不等于处处替换\n\n选用这些形式时，应同时考虑句法和文体。语法上成立，不代表在当前文本中最合适。\n\n| 常用表达 | 较凝练的书面表达 | 使用提醒 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 这个办法有可以借鉴的地方。 | 此法有**可取之处**。 | 后者更凝练；“可取之处”是常见搭配 |\n| 这项政策的影响仍需观察。 | **该政策的影响**仍需观察。／**其影响**仍需观察。 | 用“其”时，前文必须能确定是哪项政策 |\n| 参加活动的人应提前登记。 | **参与者**应提前登记。 | 后者适合通知、活动说明等文本 |\n\n:::tip\n不要把“越短”当作“越好”。修饰成分较长、指代可能含混，或需要突出具体人物时，保留“的”、重复名称、使用“……的人”，都可能更准确。\n:::\n\n## 6. 写作时的检查顺序\n\n1. **看结构**：“之”是在连接成分，还是出现在整体搭配中？不能只看它是否能译成“的”。\n2. **找所指**：“其”指谁或什么？它表示所属关系，还是作后面小句的主语？\n3. **定范围**：“者”是在指某类人，还是在“前者、后者”等形式中区分对象？\n4. 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id=\"section\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">1.\u003C\u002Fspan>三种形式，各有分工\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>形式\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>本页讨论的主要作用\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>例子\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>之\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>连接修饰语和中心语；在部分固定或较固定的表达中充当代词\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>问题\u003Cstrong>之\u003C\u002Fstrong>所在；置\u003Cstrong>之\u003C\u002Fstrong>不理\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>其\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>指向已出现或可以确定的对象，表示所属关系，或作小句的主语\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>其\u003C\u002Fstrong>研究方法；促使\u003Cstrong>其\u003C\u002Fstrong>改变计划\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>者\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>接在某些词语后，指具有相应身份、行为或特征的人；也用于区分前后两项\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>研究\u003Cstrong>者\u003C\u002Fstrong>；前\u003Cstrong>者\u003C\u002Fstrong>与后\u003Cstrong>者\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>三者虽然都有书面色彩，却不必同时出现。正式文章的首要要求仍然是准确、清楚，而不是尽可能使用文言形式。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-2\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">2.\u003C\u002Fspan>“之”：连接关系与保留搭配\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>在现代书面语中，\u003Cstrong>修饰语＋之＋中心语\u003C\u002Fstrong>常见于较凝练的表达。“之”连接的可以是所属关系，也可以是范围、性质等关系，并不限于“谁的东西”。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>此次调查的\u003Cstrong>目的\u003C\u002Fstrong>是了解实际需求。→ 此次调查\u003Cstrong>之目的\u003C\u002Fstrong>是了解实际需求。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>问题之所在\u003C\u002Fstrong>，并非资金不足，而是分工不清。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>两种方案\u003Cstrong>之间\u003C\u002Fstrong>存在明显差异。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>这项决定并非\u003Cstrong>一时之举\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>第一组两句的基本意思相同，但后一句明显更郑重，也更接近传统书面表达。在一般报告中，“调查的目的”往往已经足够正式。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>之\u003C\u002Fstrong>不能作为“的”的通用替换形式。尤其当“的”后面没有中心语时，不能直接换成“之”。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--warning\">\u003Cp>✓ 这份材料是\u003Cstrong>我的\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>✗ 这份材料是\u003Cstrong>我之\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>这里“我的”可以独立指称属于我的材料；“我之”不能承担同样的作用。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>另一些表达中的“之”是代词，指向前文提到的对象或事情，而不是连接两个成分：\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>置之不理\u003C\u002Fstrong>：放在一边，不予理会。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>取而代之\u003C\u002Fstrong>：取代前面提到的人或事物。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>总之\u003C\u002Fstrong>：概括前面的内容，引出总结。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>这些表达应结合整体搭配学习，不能据此把任何动词后的“它”都换成“之”。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-3\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">3.\u003C\u002Fspan>“其”：先确定所指，再判断作用\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>其\u003C\u002Fstrong>常用于正式论述，可以指人，也可以指事物；所指是单数还是复数，要由上下文确定。它本身不表示性别，也不固定等于“他的”。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>位置与作用\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>例句\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>理解方式\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>放在名词前，表示所属或关联\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>该研究已完成，\u003Cstrong>其结果\u003C\u002Fstrong>将于下月公布。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>该研究的结果\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>放在小句的谓语前，作主语\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>委员会听取了申请人的说明，并要求\u003Cstrong>其补充材料\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>要求申请人补充材料\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>出现在较固定的组合中\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>三项建议中，\u003Cstrong>其中两项\u003C\u002Fstrong>已获采纳。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>三项建议里面的两项\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>第二句中的“其”不是“其材料”的修饰语，而是“补充材料”的动作执行者。判断时，要看“其”后面接的是名词，还是一个陈述动作、状态的结构。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--note\">\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>其\u003C\u002Fstrong>并不总是指距离最近的名词。指代要结合语义判断；如果读者可能理解为不同对象，重复名称通常比继续使用“其”更清楚。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>**可能含混：**研究组向评审委员会提交了其修改意见。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>“其修改意见”可能被理解为研究组的意见，也可能被理解为评审委员会的意见。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>**明确所指：**研究组向评审委员会提交了本组的修改意见。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>“其”也不能自由替代所有位置上的“他、它、他们”。例如，一般写“我们支持\u003Cstrong>他\u003C\u002Fstrong>”，不写“我们支持\u003Cstrong>其\u003C\u002Fstrong>”；但可以写“我们支持\u003Cstrong>其提出的方案\u003C\u002Fstrong>”。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-4\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">4.\u003C\u002Fspan>“者”：指人，也区分论述对象\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>者\u003C\u002Fstrong>接在某些表示行为、身份或特征的成分后，可以构成指人的名词性表达。它常用于概括一类人，而不着重介绍某个具体人物。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>研究者\u003C\u002Fstrong>应说明数据来源。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>活动结束后，\u003Cstrong>参与者\u003C\u002Fstrong>填写了反馈表。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>培训将优先面向\u003Cstrong>有相关经验者\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>“研究者、参与者”是常用称谓；“有相关经验者”则更明显地带有通知、说明等书面语色彩。在日常交流中，说“有相关经验的人”通常更自然。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>者\u003C\u002Fstrong>并不是任意一个“的人”的替代形式。是否自然，取决于前面成分的长度、结构以及已有的表达习惯。描述具体人物时，不必为了正式而强行压缩：\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>自然：昨天坐在我旁边的人是新同事。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>更适合概括身份：与会者包括教师和研究人员。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>此外，\u003Cstrong>前者、后者、两者、二者\u003C\u002Fstrong>不只指人，也可以指事物、方法或观点。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>本文比较问卷调查与访谈。\u003Cstrong>前者\u003C\u002Fstrong>便于收集较多样本，\u003Cstrong>后者\u003C\u002Fstrong>便于深入了解个体经验；\u003Cstrong>两者\u003C\u002Fstrong>可以结合使用。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>这里“前者”对应先提到的问卷调查，“后者”对应后提到的访谈。如果已经列出三项以上内容，最好直接写出名称，避免对应不清。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-5\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">5.\u003C\u002Fspan>正式不等于处处替换\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>选用这些形式时，应同时考虑句法和文体。语法上成立，不代表在当前文本中最合适。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>常用表达\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>较凝练的书面表达\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>使用提醒\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>这个办法有可以借鉴的地方。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>此法有\u003Cstrong>可取之处\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>后者更凝练；“可取之处”是常见搭配\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>这项政策的影响仍需观察。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>该政策的影响\u003C\u002Fstrong>仍需观察。／\u003Cstrong>其影响\u003C\u002Fstrong>仍需观察。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>用“其”时，前文必须能确定是哪项政策\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>参加活动的人应提前登记。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>参与者\u003C\u002Fstrong>应提前登记。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>后者适合通知、活动说明等文本\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--tip\">\u003Cp>不要把“越短”当作“越好”。修饰成分较长、指代可能含混，或需要突出具体人物时，保留“的”、重复名称、使用“……的人”，都可能更准确。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-6\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">6.\u003C\u002Fspan>写作时的检查顺序\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Col>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>看结构\u003C\u002Fstrong>：“之”是在连接成分，还是出现在整体搭配中？不能只看它是否能译成“的”。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>找所指\u003C\u002Fstrong>：“其”指谁或什么？它表示所属关系，还是作后面小句的主语？\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>定范围\u003C\u002Fstrong>：“者”是在指某类人，还是在“前者、后者”等形式中区分对象？\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>查语体\u003C\u002Fstrong>：改写是否符合正式论述的需要？如果更生硬或更含混，就保留常用表达。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Fol>\n\u003Cp>记住：\u003Cstrong>之重在结构与搭配，其重在明确所指，者重在身份概括与对象区分。\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n",[1454,1458,1462,1466,1470,1474],{"id":1455,"text":1456,"depth":16,"number":1457},"section","三种形式，各有分工","1",{"id":1459,"text":1460,"depth":16,"number":1461},"section-2","“之”：连接关系与保留搭配","2",{"id":1463,"text":1464,"depth":16,"number":1465},"section-3","“其”：先确定所指，再判断作用","3",{"id":1467,"text":1468,"depth":16,"number":1469},"section-4","“者”：指人，也区分论述对象","4",{"id":1471,"text":1472,"depth":16,"number":1473},"section-5","正式不等于处处替换","5",{"id":1475,"text":1476,"depth":16,"number":1477},"section-6","写作时的检查顺序","6"]