[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"grammar-page-zh-shumianyu-zhong-de-zhi-qi-zhe":3,"grammar-exercises-by-page-01a0e1ad-b728-79ae-bb76-7ab70df02bab":265,"exercise-list-path-zh-none":281},{"id":4,"title":5,"slug":6,"seoDescription":7,"content":8,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":11,"grammarTopics":12,"createdAt":19,"updatedAt":20,"vocabularyLists":21,"primaryTopicHub":262,"readyImages":264},"01a0e1ad-b728-79ae-bb76-7ab70df02bab","书面语中的“之、其、者”","shumianyu-zhong-de-zhi-qi-zhe","掌握书面语中之、其、者的结构、意义与语体差异，辨认之的连接和代词用法、其的所属关系与主语作用，以及者的指人功能和前后对象区分。通过报告、论述与评论中的例句，了解固定搭配和替换限制，检查指代是否清楚，避免把的、他、的人机械改成文言形式，在凝练表达与自然清晰之间作出适当选择，提高正式写作的准确性。","在论述、报告和评论中，**之、其、者**能使表达更凝练，也会提高文本的正式程度。掌握它们，不是把“的、他、的人”逐字换成古雅形式，而是识别各自的结构、指代范围和搭配限制，并判断什么时候保留现代常用表达更清楚。\n\n## 1. 三种形式，各有分工\n\n| 形式 | 本页讨论的主要作用 | 例子 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| **之** | 连接修饰语和中心语；在部分固定或较固定的表达中充当代词 | 问题**之**所在；置**之**不理 |\n| **其** | 指向已出现或可以确定的对象，表示所属关系，或作小句的主语 | **其**研究方法；促使**其**改变计划 |\n| **者** | 接在某些词语后，指具有相应身份、行为或特征的人；也用于区分前后两项 | 研究**者**；前**者**与后**者** |\n\n三者虽然都有书面色彩，却不必同时出现。正式文章的首要要求仍然是准确、清楚，而不是尽可能使用文言形式。\n\n## 2. “之”：连接关系与保留搭配\n\n在现代书面语中，**修饰语＋之＋中心语**常见于较凝练的表达。“之”连接的可以是所属关系，也可以是范围、性质等关系，并不限于“谁的东西”。\n\n:::example\n- 此次调查的**目的**是了解实际需求。→ 此次调查**之目的**是了解实际需求。\n- **问题之所在**，并非资金不足，而是分工不清。\n- 两种方案**之间**存在明显差异。\n- 这项决定并非**一时之举**。\n:::\n\n第一组两句的基本意思相同，但后一句明显更郑重，也更接近传统书面表达。在一般报告中，“调查的目的”往往已经足够正式。\n\n**之**不能作为“的”的通用替换形式。尤其当“的”后面没有中心语时，不能直接换成“之”。\n\n:::warning\n✓ 这份材料是**我的**。\n\n✗ 这份材料是**我之**。\n\n这里“我的”可以独立指称属于我的材料；“我之”不能承担同样的作用。\n:::\n\n另一些表达中的“之”是代词，指向前文提到的对象或事情，而不是连接两个成分：\n\n- **置之不理**：放在一边，不予理会。\n- **取而代之**：取代前面提到的人或事物。\n- **总之**：概括前面的内容，引出总结。\n\n这些表达应结合整体搭配学习，不能据此把任何动词后的“它”都换成“之”。\n\n## 3. “其”：先确定所指，再判断作用\n\n**其**常用于正式论述，可以指人，也可以指事物；所指是单数还是复数，要由上下文确定。它本身不表示性别，也不固定等于“他的”。\n\n| 位置与作用 | 例句 | 理解方式 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 放在名词前，表示所属或关联 | 该研究已完成，**其结果**将于下月公布。 | 该研究的结果 |\n| 放在小句的谓语前，作主语 | 委员会听取了申请人的说明，并要求**其补充材料**。 | 要求申请人补充材料 |\n| 出现在较固定的组合中 | 三项建议中，**其中两项**已获采纳。 | 三项建议里面的两项 |\n\n第二句中的“其”不是“其材料”的修饰语，而是“补充材料”的动作执行者。判断时，要看“其”后面接的是名词，还是一个陈述动作、状态的结构。\n\n:::note\n**其**并不总是指距离最近的名词。指代要结合语义判断；如果读者可能理解为不同对象，重复名称通常比继续使用“其”更清楚。\n:::\n\n:::example\n**可能含混：**研究组向评审委员会提交了其修改意见。\n\n“其修改意见”可能被理解为研究组的意见，也可能被理解为评审委员会的意见。\n\n**明确所指：**研究组向评审委员会提交了本组的修改意见。\n:::\n\n“其”也不能自由替代所有位置上的“他、它、他们”。例如，一般写“我们支持**他**”，不写“我们支持**其**”；但可以写“我们支持**其提出的方案**”。\n\n## 4. “者”：指人，也区分论述对象\n\n**者**接在某些表示行为、身份或特征的成分后，可以构成指人的名词性表达。它常用于概括一类人，而不着重介绍某个具体人物。\n\n:::example\n- **研究者**应说明数据来源。\n- 活动结束后，**参与者**填写了反馈表。\n- 培训将优先面向**有相关经验者**。\n:::\n\n“研究者、参与者”是常用称谓；“有相关经验者”则更明显地带有通知、说明等书面语色彩。在日常交流中，说“有相关经验的人”通常更自然。\n\n**者**并不是任意一个“的人”的替代形式。是否自然，取决于前面成分的长度、结构以及已有的表达习惯。描述具体人物时，不必为了正式而强行压缩：\n\n- 自然：昨天坐在我旁边的人是新同事。\n- 更适合概括身份：与会者包括教师和研究人员。\n\n此外，**前者、后者、两者、二者**不只指人，也可以指事物、方法或观点。\n\n:::example\n本文比较问卷调查与访谈。**前者**便于收集较多样本，**后者**便于深入了解个体经验；**两者**可以结合使用。\n:::\n\n这里“前者”对应先提到的问卷调查，“后者”对应后提到的访谈。如果已经列出三项以上内容，最好直接写出名称，避免对应不清。\n\n## 5. 正式不等于处处替换\n\n选用这些形式时，应同时考虑句法和文体。语法上成立，不代表在当前文本中最合适。\n\n| 常用表达 | 较凝练的书面表达 | 使用提醒 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 这个办法有可以借鉴的地方。 | 此法有**可取之处**。 | 后者更凝练；“可取之处”是常见搭配 |\n| 这项政策的影响仍需观察。 | **该政策的影响**仍需观察。／**其影响**仍需观察。 | 用“其”时，前文必须能确定是哪项政策 |\n| 参加活动的人应提前登记。 | **参与者**应提前登记。 | 后者适合通知、活动说明等文本 |\n\n:::tip\n不要把“越短”当作“越好”。修饰成分较长、指代可能含混，或需要突出具体人物时，保留“的”、重复名称、使用“……的人”，都可能更准确。\n:::\n\n## 6. 写作时的检查顺序\n\n1. **看结构**：“之”是在连接成分，还是出现在整体搭配中？不能只看它是否能译成“的”。\n2. **找所指**：“其”指谁或什么？它表示所属关系，还是作后面小句的主语？\n3. **定范围**：“者”是在指某类人，还是在“前者、后者”等形式中区分对象？\n4. 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