[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"grammar-page-zh-yijing-hai-he-hai-mei":3,"grammar-exercises-by-page-01a0e1ad-b7df-7932-a73d-0f0ef0604ee5":134,"exercise-list-path-zh-none":158},{"id":4,"title":5,"slug":6,"seoDescription":7,"content":8,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":11,"grammarTopics":12,"createdAt":18,"updatedAt":19,"vocabularyLists":20,"readyImages":133},"01a0e1ad-b7df-7932-a73d-0f0ef0604ee5","“已经”“还”和“还没”","yijing-hai-he-hai-mei","学习已经、还和还没的基本用法，用简单句说明事情已经发生、状态仍在继续，或到现在还没有发生。掌握这三个说法在主语、动作和状态之间的位置，通过吃饭、回家、看书等日常例句理解区别，认识还没有的说法，区分还没看和还没看完，了解已经与了的搭配，避免在还没后误用表示完成的了，并用三个问题帮助选择合适的表达。","说一件事现在怎么样，可以用**已经**、**还**和**还没**：我已经吃饭了；妈妈还在吃；弟弟还没吃饭。学会这三个说法，就能说明事情发生了没有，以及现在是不是和以前一样。\n\n## 1. 三个说法，三个意思\n\n| 说法 | 主要意思 | 例句 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| **已经** | 到现在，事情发生了，或有了某种状态 | 我**已经**到家了。 |\n| **还** | 以前是这样，现在也是这样 | 他**还**在公司。 |\n| **还没** | 到现在，事情没有发生或没有完成 | 她**还没**到家。 |\n\n:::example\n晚上七点，大家的情况不一样：\n\n- 我**已经吃完饭了**，现在可以出门。\n- 妈妈**还在吃饭**，现在不能走。\n- 弟弟**还没吃饭**，他想先吃点东西。\n:::\n\n## 2. 放在什么位置\n\n这三个说法通常放在主语后面、动作或状态前面。主语就是句子里说的那个人或事物。\n\n| 结构 | 例句 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 主语＋**已经**＋动作或状态 | 我**已经买好票了**。 |\n| 主语＋**还**＋动作或状态 | 她**还喜欢这首歌**。 |\n| 主语＋**还没**＋动作 | 我**还没买票**。 |\n\n有“今天”“现在”这样的时间词时，可以把时间词放在前面：\n\n- 我今天**已经喝了两杯水**。\n- 他现在**还在睡觉**。\n- 我今天**还没喝水**。\n\n## 3. 已经：事情发生了，或有了某种状态\n\n**已经**不只用来说明动作完成，也可以说明年龄、时间或现在的状态。\n\n:::example\n- 我**已经做完作业了**，可以休息了。\n- 孩子**已经五岁了**。\n- **已经九点了**，我们走吧。\n- 这件衣服**已经很便宜了**。\n:::\n\n**已经**常和“了”一起用，但不是每个句子都要在最后加“了”。\n\n:::note\n可以说“他**已经是大学生了**”，也可以说“他**已经会说一点中文**”。第二句不加句末的“了”也很自然。不要把“已经……了”看成不能改变的格式。\n:::\n\n## 4. 还：现在和以前一样\n\n这里的**还**读作 hái，表示一种情况继续存在。\n\n- **还在＋动作**：动作继续进行。例：妹妹**还在看书**。\n- **还＋状态**：状态没有改变。例：这杯茶**还很热**。\n- **还＋动词**：某种情况继续。例：我**还住在这里**。\n\n比较下面两句：\n\n:::example\n**他已经到家了。**——他回来了，现在在家。\n\n**他还在家。**——他以前在家，现在也在家，没有出门。\n:::\n\n“还”表示情况继续；“已经不……了”表示以前是这样，现在情况变了。\n\n| 情况继续：还…… | 情况变了：已经不……了 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 他**还在公司**。 | 他**已经不在公司了**。 |\n| 我**还喜欢这首歌**。 | 我**已经不喜欢这首歌了**。 |\n\n:::tip\n“还”不一定后面都有“在”。说动作正在继续，可以用“还在看书”；说喜欢的东西没有变，可以用“还喜欢这本书”。\n:::\n\n## 5. 还没：到现在没有发生或完成\n\n**还没**也可以说成**还没有**，这里的意思相同。说话人常常觉得这件事以后会发生，但不是说它一定会发生。\n\n问一件事发生了没有，可以用“……了吗？”或“……了没有？”。回答时，发生了可以说“已经……了”；没有发生可以说“还没……”或简单地说“还没”“还没呢”。\n\n| 问句 | 事情发生了 | 到现在没有发生 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 你吃饭了吗？／你吃饭了没有？ | 已经吃了。 | 还没呢。 |\n| 小王到了吗？／小王到了没有？ | 他已经到了。 | 他还没到呢。 |\n\n口语里常用“还没……呢”。这里的“呢”强调到现在仍然是这样，事情以后可能会发生。\n\n:::example\n甲：你吃饭了吗？\n\n乙：**还没吃呢**，我想等妈妈回来一起吃。\n\n甲：小王到了吗？\n\n乙：**还没有到**，他还在路上。\n:::\n\n注意动作和动作完成的区别：\n\n| 句子 | 意思 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 我**还没看这本书**。 | 到现在没有看。 |\n| 我**还没看完这本书**。 | 到现在没有完成，可能已经看了一部分。 |\n\n:::warning\n用“还没”表示动作没有发生或完成时，不要保留表示完成的“了”。\n\n✓ 我**还没吃饭**。\n\n✗ 我还没吃了饭。\n\n“我**还不想吃饭**”也正确，但意思不同：现在仍然不想吃，不是在回答吃过没有。\n:::\n\n## 6. 选词小检查\n\n1. 想说事情发生了，或有了某种状态？用**已经**：我已经到家了。\n2. 想说以前是这样，现在也是这样？用**还**：我还在公司。\n3. 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