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1. 形式动词的作用\n\n在报告、通知和学术论述中，**予以、加以、进行**常与表示行为的词语搭配，把动作组织成较正式的表达。掌握它们，需要分清“给予某种处置”“对某事采取行动”和“开展某项活动”，还要注意对象的位置、修饰语以及何时应改用简洁的动词。\n\n这里的**形式动词**，指具体动作意义较弱、主要帮助组织谓语的动词。例如，“进行调查”的具体动作是“调查”，“进行”则把调查作为一项活动来表述。形式动词并非毫无意义，也不能随意互换。\n\n比较：\n\n- 工作人员**调查**了设备故障的原因。——直接交代动作。\n- 工作人员对设备故障的原因**进行了系统调查**。——把调查作为一项有组织的活动，并突出调查的方式。\n\n:::note\n不同语法著作对“形式动词”的范围和命名不完全一致。这里重点讨论这三个词在现代书面语中的常见搭配，不把它们当作完全同义的一组词。\n:::\n\n## 2. 三种形式的搭配倾向\n\n| 形式 | 主要作用 | 常见搭配 | 例句 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| **予以** | 给予某种回应、评价或处置 | 支持、肯定、批准、处罚、纠正 | 对符合条件的申请，主管部门将**予以批准**。 |\n| **加以** | 对已经提出的对象实施某种动作或处理 | 分析、说明、区分、限制、改进 | 这两种情况应当**加以区分**。 |\n| **进行** | 开展某项活动，突出活动的实施 | 调查、讨论、研究、检查、协商 | 双方就交付时间**进行了协商**。 |\n\n**予以**保留了“给予”的意义，常见于机构作出回应或处理的语境，但不只用于公文，也不只表示正面的态度：“予以支持”和“予以处罚”都成立。\n\n**加以**常把前面已经提到的事物作为处理对象；**进行**则更容易与具有活动性、过程性的词语结合。\n\n:::warning\n不能只凭“后面是双音节动词”来选择形式动词。搭配还取决于意义。\n\n- ✗ 对符合条件的申请，主管部门将**进行批准**。\n- ✓ 对符合条件的申请，主管部门将**予以批准**。\n\n这里要表达的是作出批准这一处置，而不是开展一项名为“批准”的活动。若强调审查过程，可以说“进行审核”，但意义已经改变。\n:::\n\n## 3. 动作对象放在哪里\n\n普通动词往往可以直接带对象；使用形式动词后，对象通常需要放到前面，或由上下文交代。\n\n| 直接表达 | 使用形式动词的表达 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 分析这些数据 | **对这些数据加以分析** |\n| 支持这一建议 | **对这一建议予以支持** |\n| 调查事故原因 | **对事故原因进行调查** |\n\n在这些结构中，“对……”交代动作针对什么。也可以先把对象作为话题提出：\n\n:::example\n**前文提出对象：**\n\n报告列出了三处错误，编辑部将**予以纠正**。\n\n**对象置于句首：**\n\n这两项指标需要**加以区分**。\n\n**用介词结构明确对象：**\n\n研究人员将**对两组数据进行比较**。\n:::\n\n不要机械保留原来动词后的对象：\n\n- ✗ 研究人员将**对两组数据加以比较两组数据**。\n- ✓ 研究人员将**对两组数据加以比较**。\n- ✓ 研究人员将**比较两组数据**。\n\n也不要把这个规律扩大成“形式动词后绝不能出现名词”。在“进行市场调查”“进行设备检查”中，“市场调查”“设备检查”整体表示活动名称，是自然的搭配。\n\n## 4. 修饰语、否定与完成表达\n\n形式动词能为较长的动作描述提供结构，但三个词容纳修饰语的方式不完全相同。\n\n**进行**后面常接带修饰语的活动表达：\n\n- 对样本**进行详细分析**。\n- 对设备**进行一次全面检查**。\n- 对处理效果**进行了为期三个月的跟踪观察**。\n\n**加以**后面也可以出现说明方式或程度的修饰语，如“加以认真研究”“加以严格控制”。使用**予以**时，则常见“予以充分肯定”“予以大力支持”等搭配。不能因为结构看起来相似，就任意替换其中的词。\n\n否定词一般放在形式动词前，其选择与时间、语气有关：\n\n:::example\n**不：表示原则、决定或一般态度。**\n\n对逾期提交的材料，原则上**不予以受理**。\n\n**未：表示某项处置尚未发生。**\n\n截至昨日，主管部门仍**未予以答复**。\n\n**没有：否定过去发生过某项活动。**\n\n调查组昨天**没有进行现场检查**。\n:::\n\n公文中还常把“不予以”“未予以”压缩为**不予、未予**，如“不予受理”“未予答复”。这些形式较为凝练，不必一律补上“以”。\n\n**进行**可以用“了”标示活动已经发生，如“进行了讨论”。但“进行了调查”本身并不保证调查已经全部结束；若要明确表达完成，可说“已完成调查”。\n\n## 5. 可以替换，不等于意义相同\n\n有些行为能与不止一个形式动词搭配。选择时，要看作者把注意力放在哪里。\n\n:::example\n针对报告中的疑点，专家组将**予以说明**。\n\n——把“说明”作为对疑点的回应。\n\n报告中的几个关键概念，需要**加以说明**。\n\n——把已提出的概念作为需要处理、解释的对象。\n\n专家将在会上**进行详细说明**。\n\n——把说明作为会上将开展的一项活动。\n:::\n\n这些差别通常是表达重点的差别，而不是绝对的语义界线。“对数据加以分析”和“对数据进行分析”都可以成立：前者偏重对数据采取分析这一处理，后者偏重分析活动的实施。\n\n:::tip\n先判断句子是否自然，再比较表达重点。不要把“予以＝正式、加以＝更正式、进行＝最正式”当作选择标准；三者不存在这样的等级关系。\n:::\n\n## 6. 避免空泛，按表达需要选择\n\n形式动词并不是书面语的必备标记。没有必要突出回应、处理或活动组织时，直接使用动作动词往往更清楚。\n\n| 原表达 | 修改建议 | 理由 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 我们明天进行开会。 | 我们明天开会。 | “进行开会”不是自然的常规搭配；正式场合也可说“召开会议”。 |\n| 请对姓名加以填写。 | 请填写姓名。 | 简单操作说明不需要额外增加处理意味。 |\n| 对这一问题进行加以分析。 | 对这一问题加以分析。／对这一问题进行分析。 | 两种结构不应这样叠用。 |\n| 对设备进行全面检查。 | 可保留。 | “全面”明确了检查范围，活动表达自然。 |\n\n写作时可以按以下顺序检查：\n\n1. **先找具体动作**：究竟是支持、分析，还是调查？\n2. **再确定重点**：给予回应或处置，多考虑“予以”；处理已提出的对象，多考虑“加以”；开展活动，多考虑“进行”。\n3. **检查搭配和对象**：词语能否自然结合？对象是否已经在前文或“对……”中交代？\n4. 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id=\"section\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">1.\u003C\u002Fspan>形式动词的作用\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>在报告、通知和学术论述中，\u003Cstrong>予以、加以、进行\u003C\u002Fstrong>常与表示行为的词语搭配，把动作组织成较正式的表达。掌握它们，需要分清“给予某种处置”“对某事采取行动”和“开展某项活动”，还要注意对象的位置、修饰语以及何时应改用简洁的动词。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>这里的\u003Cstrong>形式动词\u003C\u002Fstrong>，指具体动作意义较弱、主要帮助组织谓语的动词。例如，“进行调查”的具体动作是“调查”，“进行”则把调查作为一项活动来表述。形式动词并非毫无意义，也不能随意互换。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>比较：\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>工作人员\u003Cstrong>调查\u003C\u002Fstrong>了设备故障的原因。——直接交代动作。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>工作人员对设备故障的原因\u003Cstrong>进行了系统调查\u003C\u002Fstrong>。——把调查作为一项有组织的活动，并突出调查的方式。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--note\">\u003Cp>不同语法著作对“形式动词”的范围和命名不完全一致。这里重点讨论这三个词在现代书面语中的常见搭配，不把它们当作完全同义的一组词。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-2\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">2.\u003C\u002Fspan>三种形式的搭配倾向\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>形式\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>主要作用\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>常见搭配\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>例句\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>予以\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>给予某种回应、评价或处置\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>支持、肯定、批准、处罚、纠正\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>对符合条件的申请，主管部门将\u003Cstrong>予以批准\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>加以\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>对已经提出的对象实施某种动作或处理\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>分析、说明、区分、限制、改进\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>这两种情况应当\u003Cstrong>加以区分\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>进行\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>开展某项活动，突出活动的实施\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>调查、讨论、研究、检查、协商\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>双方就交付时间\u003Cstrong>进行了协商\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>予以\u003C\u002Fstrong>保留了“给予”的意义，常见于机构作出回应或处理的语境，但不只用于公文，也不只表示正面的态度：“予以支持”和“予以处罚”都成立。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>加以\u003C\u002Fstrong>常把前面已经提到的事物作为处理对象；\u003Cstrong>进行\u003C\u002Fstrong>则更容易与具有活动性、过程性的词语结合。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--warning\">\u003Cp>不能只凭“后面是双音节动词”来选择形式动词。搭配还取决于意义。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>✗ 对符合条件的申请，主管部门将\u003Cstrong>进行批准\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>✓ 对符合条件的申请，主管部门将\u003Cstrong>予以批准\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>这里要表达的是作出批准这一处置，而不是开展一项名为“批准”的活动。若强调审查过程，可以说“进行审核”，但意义已经改变。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-3\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">3.\u003C\u002Fspan>动作对象放在哪里\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>普通动词往往可以直接带对象；使用形式动词后，对象通常需要放到前面，或由上下文交代。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>直接表达\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>使用形式动词的表达\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>分析这些数据\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>对这些数据加以分析\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>支持这一建议\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>对这一建议予以支持\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>调查事故原因\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>对事故原因进行调查\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>在这些结构中，“对……”交代动作针对什么。也可以先把对象作为话题提出：\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>前文提出对象：\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>报告列出了三处错误，编辑部将\u003Cstrong>予以纠正\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>对象置于句首：\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>这两项指标需要\u003Cstrong>加以区分\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>用介词结构明确对象：\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>研究人员将\u003Cstrong>对两组数据进行比较\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>不要机械保留原来动词后的对象：\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>✗ 研究人员将\u003Cstrong>对两组数据加以比较两组数据\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>✓ 研究人员将\u003Cstrong>对两组数据加以比较\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>✓ 研究人员将\u003Cstrong>比较两组数据\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>也不要把这个规律扩大成“形式动词后绝不能出现名词”。在“进行市场调查”“进行设备检查”中，“市场调查”“设备检查”整体表示活动名称，是自然的搭配。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-4\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">4.\u003C\u002Fspan>修饰语、否定与完成表达\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>形式动词能为较长的动作描述提供结构，但三个词容纳修饰语的方式不完全相同。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>进行\u003C\u002Fstrong>后面常接带修饰语的活动表达：\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>对样本\u003Cstrong>进行详细分析\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>对设备\u003Cstrong>进行一次全面检查\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>对处理效果\u003Cstrong>进行了为期三个月的跟踪观察\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>加以\u003C\u002Fstrong>后面也可以出现说明方式或程度的修饰语，如“加以认真研究”“加以严格控制”。使用\u003Cstrong>予以\u003C\u002Fstrong>时，则常见“予以充分肯定”“予以大力支持”等搭配。不能因为结构看起来相似，就任意替换其中的词。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>否定词一般放在形式动词前，其选择与时间、语气有关：\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>不：表示原则、决定或一般态度。\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>对逾期提交的材料，原则上\u003Cstrong>不予以受理\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>未：表示某项处置尚未发生。\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>截至昨日，主管部门仍\u003Cstrong>未予以答复\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>没有：否定过去发生过某项活动。\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>调查组昨天\u003Cstrong>没有进行现场检查\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>公文中还常把“不予以”“未予以”压缩为\u003Cstrong>不予、未予\u003C\u002Fstrong>，如“不予受理”“未予答复”。这些形式较为凝练，不必一律补上“以”。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>进行\u003C\u002Fstrong>可以用“了”标示活动已经发生，如“进行了讨论”。但“进行了调查”本身并不保证调查已经全部结束；若要明确表达完成，可说“已完成调查”。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-5\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">5.\u003C\u002Fspan>可以替换，不等于意义相同\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>有些行为能与不止一个形式动词搭配。选择时，要看作者把注意力放在哪里。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>针对报告中的疑点，专家组将\u003Cstrong>予以说明\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>——把“说明”作为对疑点的回应。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>报告中的几个关键概念，需要\u003Cstrong>加以说明\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>——把已提出的概念作为需要处理、解释的对象。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>专家将在会上\u003Cstrong>进行详细说明\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>——把说明作为会上将开展的一项活动。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>这些差别通常是表达重点的差别，而不是绝对的语义界线。“对数据加以分析”和“对数据进行分析”都可以成立：前者偏重对数据采取分析这一处理，后者偏重分析活动的实施。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--tip\">\u003Cp>先判断句子是否自然，再比较表达重点。不要把“予以＝正式、加以＝更正式、进行＝最正式”当作选择标准；三者不存在这样的等级关系。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-6\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">6.\u003C\u002Fspan>避免空泛，按表达需要选择\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>形式动词并不是书面语的必备标记。没有必要突出回应、处理或活动组织时，直接使用动作动词往往更清楚。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>原表达\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>修改建议\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>理由\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>我们明天进行开会。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>我们明天开会。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>“进行开会”不是自然的常规搭配；正式场合也可说“召开会议”。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>请对姓名加以填写。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>请填写姓名。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>简单操作说明不需要额外增加处理意味。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>对这一问题进行加以分析。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>对这一问题加以分析。／对这一问题进行分析。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>两种结构不应这样叠用。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>对设备进行全面检查。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>可保留。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>“全面”明确了检查范围，活动表达自然。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>写作时可以按以下顺序检查：\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Col>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>先找具体动作\u003C\u002Fstrong>：究竟是支持、分析，还是调查？\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>再确定重点\u003C\u002Fstrong>：给予回应或处置，多考虑“予以”；处理已提出的对象，多考虑“加以”；开展活动，多考虑“进行”。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>检查搭配和对象\u003C\u002Fstrong>：词语能否自然结合？对象是否已经在前文或“对……”中交代？\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>最后尝试删减\u003C\u002Fstrong>：删去形式动词后若更清楚，也没有损失所需的重点，就用简洁表达。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Fol>\n\u003Cp>核心不是把句子写长，而是让\u003Cstrong>处置、对象和活动\u003C\u002Fstrong>之间的关系更清晰。\u003C\u002Fp>\n",[1608,1612,1616,1620,1624,1628],{"id":1609,"text":1610,"depth":16,"number":1611},"section","形式动词的作用","1",{"id":1613,"text":1614,"depth":16,"number":1615},"section-2","三种形式的搭配倾向","2",{"id":1617,"text":1618,"depth":16,"number":1619},"section-3","动作对象放在哪里","3",{"id":1621,"text":1622,"depth":16,"number":1623},"section-4","修饰语、否定与完成表达","4",{"id":1625,"text":1626,"depth":16,"number":1627},"section-5","可以替换，不等于意义相同","5",{"id":1629,"text":1630,"depth":16,"number":1631},"section-6","避免空泛，按表达需要选择","6"]