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1. 回指：让前后文连起来\n\n写文章时，我们常用**这、那、其**指向前面提过的人、事物或内容，这叫“回指”。读者需要知道它们指什么，才能准确理解句子。本页介绍怎样选择回指形式、概括前面的内容，并在指代不清时改写句子。\n\n:::example\n学校决定延长图书馆的开放时间。**这一安排**方便了晚上来学习的学生。\n\n“这一安排”指前面的“延长图书馆的开放时间”，不是只指“图书馆”。\n:::\n\n读完后，你应该能够：\n\n- 找出回指形式对应的前文内容；\n- 根据表达重点和语体选择**这、那、其**；\n- 判断指代是否清楚，必要时重复具体名称。\n\n## 2. “这”：把前文作为当前重点\n\n**这**常把刚提到的内容带到读者面前，作为下一句说明、评价或讨论的重点。它既能指具体事物，也能概括一个动作、一件事，甚至前面几句话。\n\n| 回指形式 | 常见作用 | 例句 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| **这** | 概括前面的情况 | 连续三天停电，**这**影响了居民的生活。 |\n| **这＋量词＋名词** | 明确指出一个对象 | 我读了一份调查报告。**这份报告**讨论了年轻人的住房问题。 |\n| **这＋一＋名词** | 把前文概括为某类内容 | 公司允许员工在家办公。**这一变化**减少了通勤时间。 |\n| **这些＋名词** | 回指多个对象 | 文中介绍了三种学习方法。**这些方法**都不需要特殊设备。 |\n\n“这一变化、这一问题、这一观点”等形式常见于说明和议论性文字。名词不是随便加的：用“问题”是在指出困难，用“观点”是在概括看法，用“变化”是在强调前后不同。\n\n:::tip\n如果单用“这”不够清楚，可以加上能准确概括前文的名词。不过，“这一情况”仍然可能太宽泛；有时“停电这一情况”或直接写“停电”更清楚。\n:::\n\n## 3. “那”：回到先前提过的内容\n\n**那**也能回指前文，常用于回忆、叙述或重新提起一个已经进入双方认识范围的对象。与“这”相比，“那”往往让对象显得离当前谈话或叙述中心稍远。\n\n:::example\n上个月我们提出过一个修改方案。**那个方案**后来没有通过。\n\n小时候，父亲每天送我上学。**那段日子**，我一直记得。\n\n甲：我们终于拿到了比赛资格。\n\n乙：**那**真是个好消息！\n:::\n\n对话中的“那”可以接住对方刚说的内容，所以不能把规则简单理解为“刚说过用这，很久以前用那”。\n\n比较下面两句：\n\n- 我去年提出过一个方案。**这个方案**现在仍有参考价值。——把旧方案带到当前讨论中。\n- 我去年提出过一个方案。**那个方案**后来被放弃了。——把方案放在过去的叙述中回顾。\n\n:::note\n“这”和“那”有时都合适，只是表达角度不同。它们并不固定表示赞成或反对，也不能只根据前后相隔几句话来选择。\n:::\n\n## 4. “其”：书面语中的所属与关联\n\n回指用法的**其**主要见于书面语，通常放在名词前，表示前文对象的所属关系或与它有关的方面，意思接近“他的、她的、它的、他们的、它们的”。具体指谁、是单数还是复数，要看上下文。\n\n| 前文对象 | 回指表达 | 所指关系 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 一位作家 | 文章介绍了这位作家及**其作品**。 | 这位作家的作品 |\n| 一项计划 | 我们分析了这项计划及**其实施条件**。 | 实施这项计划所需的条件 |\n| 几家企业 | 报告比较了三家企业及**其主要产品**。 | 这三家企业的主要产品 |\n\n这里用的是**其＋名词**，通常不加“的”：写“其主要产品”，不写“其的主要产品”。\n\n**其中**也是常见的回指形式，表示“在前面提到的范围里面”。\n\n:::example\n我们采访了十位居民，**其中三位**每天骑车上班。\n\n这个项目存在几个问题，**其中最严重的一个**是资金不足。\n:::\n\n:::warning\n“其”不是可以任意替换“他、她、它”的简写。表达普通的动作时，不要为了显得正式，把“这位作家住在北京”机械地改成“其住在北京”。本页重点掌握自然、常见的“其＋名词”和“其中”。\n:::\n\n## 5. 选择形式，也要排除歧义\n\n选择回指形式之前，先确定你要接着谈的是**整个情况**，还是**某个对象的一个方面**。\n\n:::example\n研究团队调整了实验步骤。**这一调整**缩短了实验时间。\n\n这里概括的是“调整实验步骤”这件事。\n\n研究团队公布了新的实验方案。**其主要特点**是操作简单。\n\n这里的“其”指“新的实验方案”，“主要特点”是方案的一个方面。\n:::\n\n回指不一定只找最近的名词，还要看前后意思是否合理。不过，如果前文有几个都可能符合的对象，读者就容易误解。\n\n| 容易产生歧义的句子 | 不清楚的地方 | 意思明确的改写 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 文章比较了甲公司的设备与乙公司的设备，并指出了其不足。 | 谁的设备有不足？ | 文章比较了甲公司的设备与乙公司的设备，并指出了甲公司设备的不足。 |\n| 小林给小王看了一份报告和一张照片。这个很重要。 | “这个”指报告还是照片？ | 小林给小王看了一份报告和一张照片。这份报告很重要。 |\n\n加上名词也不一定能解决问题。如果前面有两份报告，“这份报告”仍可能不清楚。这时可以写“关于交通的那份报告”，或直接写出报告名称。\n\n## 6. 写完后的检查顺序\n\n1. **找所指内容**：指一个人、一件东西，还是前面整件事？\n2. **选表达角度**：用“这”把内容带到当前重点；用“那”回顾或接住已提到的内容。两者有时都可用。\n3. **看结构与语体**：书面语中表达某个对象的所属或相关方面，可考虑“其＋名词”；表示一个范围中的部分，可用“其中”。\n4. 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：书面回指和歧义检查","根据书面语结构和上下文选择答案。注意所属关系、范围内的部分以及回指是否明确。","\u002Fuploads\u002Fimages\u002Fgpimg_61cd86d7-a9e4-4a79-a6c4-5146ff03b3d3_hero.webp?v=1790492665",{"id":1363,"grammarPage":1364,"title":1365,"instructions":1366,"seoTitle":1376,"seoDescription":1377,"displayOrder":1129,"type":1367,"questions":1378,"ogImageUrl":1368},"这、那与其的篇章回指：所指与视角选择练习","通过十二道选词填空练习这、那与其的篇章回指，阅读社区通知、课堂讨论、工作安排和往事叙述，判断所指是具体对象、前文整体还是范围中的部分。练习概括名词、当前焦点与回忆视角、其加名词的书面表达及其中的用法，并结合解析和例句检查多个对象出现时如何明确所指，避免只凭时间远近或相邻名词作答，理解前后文的联系。",[1379],{"id":1380,"sentenceTemplate":1381,"displayOrder":1129,"explanation":1382,"exampleSentence":1383,"blanks":1384},"01a0e1ad-e7aa-7afe-a4d5-2b3bf55531d8","图书馆决定周末提前开门，并增加晚间座位。馆长说：“__1__两项安排将在下月一同实行。”","“这两项安排”一起回指前文的两项措施。“其中两项”会把两项说成更大范围中的一部分，但这里一共只有两项；“这些”不能直接接“两项安排”，应说“这些安排”或“这两项安排”。","学校将提前放学并暂停社团活动。这两项安排只在周五实行。",[1385],{"id":1386,"blankNumber":11,"options":1387},"01a0e1ad-e7aa-7a72-a4d5-2b3bf5487893",[1388,1390,1392],{"id":1389,"optionText":1345,"isCorrect":1128,"displayOrder":1129},"01a0e1ad-e7aa-7976-a4d5-2b3bf37ec700",{"id":1391,"optionText":1141,"isCorrect":1149,"displayOrder":11},"01a0e1ad-e7aa-79de-a4d5-2b3bf4664412",{"id":1393,"optionText":1177,"isCorrect":1128,"displayOrder":16},"01a0e1ad-e7aa-7a2a-a4d5-2b3bf4a531f9",{"html":1395,"toc":1396},"\u003Ch2 id=\"section\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">1.\u003C\u002Fspan>回指：让前后文连起来\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>写文章时，我们常用\u003Cstrong>这、那、其\u003C\u002Fstrong>指向前面提过的人、事物或内容，这叫“回指”。读者需要知道它们指什么，才能准确理解句子。本页介绍怎样选择回指形式、概括前面的内容，并在指代不清时改写句子。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>学校决定延长图书馆的开放时间。\u003Cstrong>这一安排\u003C\u002Fstrong>方便了晚上来学习的学生。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>“这一安排”指前面的“延长图书馆的开放时间”，不是只指“图书馆”。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>读完后，你应该能够：\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>找出回指形式对应的前文内容；\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>根据表达重点和语体选择\u003Cstrong>这、那、其\u003C\u002Fstrong>；\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>判断指代是否清楚，必要时重复具体名称。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-2\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">2.\u003C\u002Fspan>“这”：把前文作为当前重点\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>这\u003C\u002Fstrong>常把刚提到的内容带到读者面前，作为下一句说明、评价或讨论的重点。它既能指具体事物，也能概括一个动作、一件事，甚至前面几句话。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>回指形式\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>常见作用\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>例句\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>这\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>概括前面的情况\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>连续三天停电，\u003Cstrong>这\u003C\u002Fstrong>影响了居民的生活。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>这＋量词＋名词\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>明确指出一个对象\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>我读了一份调查报告。\u003Cstrong>这份报告\u003C\u002Fstrong>讨论了年轻人的住房问题。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>这＋一＋名词\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>把前文概括为某类内容\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>公司允许员工在家办公。\u003Cstrong>这一变化\u003C\u002Fstrong>减少了通勤时间。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>\u003Cstrong>这些＋名词\u003C\u002Fstrong>\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>回指多个对象\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>文中介绍了三种学习方法。\u003Cstrong>这些方法\u003C\u002Fstrong>都不需要特殊设备。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>“这一变化、这一问题、这一观点”等形式常见于说明和议论性文字。名词不是随便加的：用“问题”是在指出困难，用“观点”是在概括看法，用“变化”是在强调前后不同。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--tip\">\u003Cp>如果单用“这”不够清楚，可以加上能准确概括前文的名词。不过，“这一情况”仍然可能太宽泛；有时“停电这一情况”或直接写“停电”更清楚。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-3\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">3.\u003C\u002Fspan>“那”：回到先前提过的内容\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>那\u003C\u002Fstrong>也能回指前文，常用于回忆、叙述或重新提起一个已经进入双方认识范围的对象。与“这”相比，“那”往往让对象显得离当前谈话或叙述中心稍远。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>上个月我们提出过一个修改方案。\u003Cstrong>那个方案\u003C\u002Fstrong>后来没有通过。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>小时候，父亲每天送我上学。\u003Cstrong>那段日子\u003C\u002Fstrong>，我一直记得。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>甲：我们终于拿到了比赛资格。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>乙：\u003Cstrong>那\u003C\u002Fstrong>真是个好消息！\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>对话中的“那”可以接住对方刚说的内容，所以不能把规则简单理解为“刚说过用这，很久以前用那”。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>比较下面两句：\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>我去年提出过一个方案。\u003Cstrong>这个方案\u003C\u002Fstrong>现在仍有参考价值。——把旧方案带到当前讨论中。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>我去年提出过一个方案。\u003Cstrong>那个方案\u003C\u002Fstrong>后来被放弃了。——把方案放在过去的叙述中回顾。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--note\">\u003Cp>“这”和“那”有时都合适，只是表达角度不同。它们并不固定表示赞成或反对，也不能只根据前后相隔几句话来选择。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-4\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">4.\u003C\u002Fspan>“其”：书面语中的所属与关联\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>回指用法的\u003Cstrong>其\u003C\u002Fstrong>主要见于书面语，通常放在名词前，表示前文对象的所属关系或与它有关的方面，意思接近“他的、她的、它的、他们的、它们的”。具体指谁、是单数还是复数，要看上下文。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>前文对象\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>回指表达\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>所指关系\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>一位作家\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>文章介绍了这位作家及\u003Cstrong>其作品\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>这位作家的作品\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>一项计划\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>我们分析了这项计划及\u003Cstrong>其实施条件\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>实施这项计划所需的条件\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>几家企业\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>报告比较了三家企业及\u003Cstrong>其主要产品\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>这三家企业的主要产品\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>这里用的是\u003Cstrong>其＋名词\u003C\u002Fstrong>，通常不加“的”：写“其主要产品”，不写“其的主要产品”。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>其中\u003C\u002Fstrong>也是常见的回指形式，表示“在前面提到的范围里面”。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>我们采访了十位居民，\u003Cstrong>其中三位\u003C\u002Fstrong>每天骑车上班。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>这个项目存在几个问题，\u003Cstrong>其中最严重的一个\u003C\u002Fstrong>是资金不足。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--warning\">\u003Cp>“其”不是可以任意替换“他、她、它”的简写。表达普通的动作时，不要为了显得正式，把“这位作家住在北京”机械地改成“其住在北京”。本页重点掌握自然、常见的“其＋名词”和“其中”。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-5\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">5.\u003C\u002Fspan>选择形式，也要排除歧义\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>选择回指形式之前，先确定你要接着谈的是\u003Cstrong>整个情况\u003C\u002Fstrong>，还是\u003Cstrong>某个对象的一个方面\u003C\u002Fstrong>。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"grammar-callout grammar-callout--example\">\u003Cp>研究团队调整了实验步骤。\u003Cstrong>这一调整\u003C\u002Fstrong>缩短了实验时间。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>这里概括的是“调整实验步骤”这件事。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>研究团队公布了新的实验方案。\u003Cstrong>其主要特点\u003C\u002Fstrong>是操作简单。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>这里的“其”指“新的实验方案”，“主要特点”是方案的一个方面。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cp>回指不一定只找最近的名词，还要看前后意思是否合理。不过，如果前文有几个都可能符合的对象，读者就容易误解。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>容易产生歧义的句子\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>不清楚的地方\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>意思明确的改写\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>文章比较了甲公司的设备与乙公司的设备，并指出了其不足。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>谁的设备有不足？\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>文章比较了甲公司的设备与乙公司的设备，并指出了甲公司设备的不足。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>小林给小王看了一份报告和一张照片。这个很重要。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>“这个”指报告还是照片？\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>小林给小王看了一份报告和一张照片。这份报告很重要。\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>加上名词也不一定能解决问题。如果前面有两份报告，“这份报告”仍可能不清楚。这时可以写“关于交通的那份报告”，或直接写出报告名称。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"section-6\">\u003Cspan class=\"section-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">6.\u003C\u002Fspan>写完后的检查顺序\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Col>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>找所指内容\u003C\u002Fstrong>：指一个人、一件东西，还是前面整件事？\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>选表达角度\u003C\u002Fstrong>：用“这”把内容带到当前重点；用“那”回顾或接住已提到的内容。两者有时都可用。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>看结构与语体\u003C\u002Fstrong>：书面语中表达某个对象的所属或相关方面，可考虑“其＋名词”；表示一个范围中的部分，可用“其中”。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>检查是否唯一明确\u003C\u002Fstrong>：如果有两个合理理解，就补充信息或重复名称，不必强求避免重复。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Fol>\n",[1397,1401,1405,1409,1413,1417],{"id":1398,"text":1399,"depth":16,"number":1400},"section","回指：让前后文连起来","1",{"id":1402,"text":1403,"depth":16,"number":1404},"section-2","“这”：把前文作为当前重点","2",{"id":1406,"text":1407,"depth":16,"number":1408},"section-3","“那”：回到先前提过的内容","3",{"id":1410,"text":1411,"depth":16,"number":1412},"section-4","“其”：书面语中的所属与关联","4",{"id":1414,"text":1415,"depth":16,"number":1416},"section-5","选择形式，也要排除歧义","5",{"id":1418,"text":1419,"depth":16,"number":1420},"section-6","写完后的检查顺序","6"]