[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"grammar-page-zh-zhe-na-qi-yu-pianzhang-huizhi":3,"grammar-exercises-by-page-01a0e1ad-b90c-7a1d-805a-40fa65dc3997":261,"exercise-list-path-zh-none":277},{"id":4,"title":5,"slug":6,"seoDescription":7,"content":8,"language":9,"level":10,"displayOrder":11,"grammarTopics":12,"createdAt":18,"updatedAt":19,"vocabularyLists":20,"readyImages":260},"01a0e1ad-b90c-7a1d-805a-40fa65dc3997","“这、那、其”与篇章回指","zhe-na-qi-yu-pianzhang-huizhi","掌握这、那、其在篇章中的回指用法，理解它们怎样指向前文的人物、事物和整件事。比较这与那在当前讨论和回顾叙述中的不同表达角度，学习用这一安排、这一变化等形式概括前文，认识书面语中其加名词及其中的结构。通过对比例句判断所指内容，发现多个对象造成的歧义，并用补充名词或重复名称的方法让表达更加清楚。","## 1. 回指：让前后文连起来\n\n写文章时，我们常用**这、那、其**指向前面提过的人、事物或内容，这叫“回指”。读者需要知道它们指什么，才能准确理解句子。本页介绍怎样选择回指形式、概括前面的内容，并在指代不清时改写句子。\n\n:::example\n学校决定延长图书馆的开放时间。**这一安排**方便了晚上来学习的学生。\n\n“这一安排”指前面的“延长图书馆的开放时间”，不是只指“图书馆”。\n:::\n\n读完后，你应该能够：\n\n- 找出回指形式对应的前文内容；\n- 根据表达重点和语体选择**这、那、其**；\n- 判断指代是否清楚，必要时重复具体名称。\n\n## 2. “这”：把前文作为当前重点\n\n**这**常把刚提到的内容带到读者面前，作为下一句说明、评价或讨论的重点。它既能指具体事物，也能概括一个动作、一件事，甚至前面几句话。\n\n| 回指形式 | 常见作用 | 例句 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| **这** | 概括前面的情况 | 连续三天停电，**这**影响了居民的生活。 |\n| **这＋量词＋名词** | 明确指出一个对象 | 我读了一份调查报告。**这份报告**讨论了年轻人的住房问题。 |\n| **这＋一＋名词** | 把前文概括为某类内容 | 公司允许员工在家办公。**这一变化**减少了通勤时间。 |\n| **这些＋名词** | 回指多个对象 | 文中介绍了三种学习方法。**这些方法**都不需要特殊设备。 |\n\n“这一变化、这一问题、这一观点”等形式常见于说明和议论性文字。名词不是随便加的：用“问题”是在指出困难，用“观点”是在概括看法，用“变化”是在强调前后不同。\n\n:::tip\n如果单用“这”不够清楚，可以加上能准确概括前文的名词。不过，“这一情况”仍然可能太宽泛；有时“停电这一情况”或直接写“停电”更清楚。\n:::\n\n## 3. “那”：回到先前提过的内容\n\n**那**也能回指前文，常用于回忆、叙述或重新提起一个已经进入双方认识范围的对象。与“这”相比，“那”往往让对象显得离当前谈话或叙述中心稍远。\n\n:::example\n上个月我们提出过一个修改方案。**那个方案**后来没有通过。\n\n小时候，父亲每天送我上学。**那段日子**，我一直记得。\n\n甲：我们终于拿到了比赛资格。\n\n乙：**那**真是个好消息！\n:::\n\n对话中的“那”可以接住对方刚说的内容，所以不能把规则简单理解为“刚说过用这，很久以前用那”。\n\n比较下面两句：\n\n- 我去年提出过一个方案。**这个方案**现在仍有参考价值。——把旧方案带到当前讨论中。\n- 我去年提出过一个方案。**那个方案**后来被放弃了。——把方案放在过去的叙述中回顾。\n\n:::note\n“这”和“那”有时都合适，只是表达角度不同。它们并不固定表示赞成或反对，也不能只根据前后相隔几句话来选择。\n:::\n\n## 4. “其”：书面语中的所属与关联\n\n回指用法的**其**主要见于书面语，通常放在名词前，表示前文对象的所属关系或与它有关的方面，意思接近“他的、她的、它的、他们的、它们的”。具体指谁、是单数还是复数，要看上下文。\n\n| 前文对象 | 回指表达 | 所指关系 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 一位作家 | 文章介绍了这位作家及**其作品**。 | 这位作家的作品 |\n| 一项计划 | 我们分析了这项计划及**其实施条件**。 | 实施这项计划所需的条件 |\n| 几家企业 | 报告比较了三家企业及**其主要产品**。 | 这三家企业的主要产品 |\n\n这里用的是**其＋名词**，通常不加“的”：写“其主要产品”，不写“其的主要产品”。\n\n**其中**也是常见的回指形式，表示“在前面提到的范围里面”。\n\n:::example\n我们采访了十位居民，**其中三位**每天骑车上班。\n\n这个项目存在几个问题，**其中最严重的一个**是资金不足。\n:::\n\n:::warning\n“其”不是可以任意替换“他、她、它”的简写。表达普通的动作时，不要为了显得正式，把“这位作家住在北京”机械地改成“其住在北京”。本页重点掌握自然、常见的“其＋名词”和“其中”。\n:::\n\n## 5. 选择形式，也要排除歧义\n\n选择回指形式之前，先确定你要接着谈的是**整个情况**，还是**某个对象的一个方面**。\n\n:::example\n研究团队调整了实验步骤。**这一调整**缩短了实验时间。\n\n这里概括的是“调整实验步骤”这件事。\n\n研究团队公布了新的实验方案。**其主要特点**是操作简单。\n\n这里的“其”指“新的实验方案”，“主要特点”是方案的一个方面。\n:::\n\n回指不一定只找最近的名词，还要看前后意思是否合理。不过，如果前文有几个都可能符合的对象，读者就容易误解。\n\n| 容易产生歧义的句子 | 不清楚的地方 | 意思明确的改写 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 文章比较了甲公司的设备与乙公司的设备，并指出了其不足。 | 谁的设备有不足？ | 文章比较了甲公司的设备与乙公司的设备，并指出了甲公司设备的不足。 |\n| 小林给小王看了一份报告和一张照片。这个很重要。 | “这个”指报告还是照片？ | 小林给小王看了一份报告和一张照片。这份报告很重要。 |\n\n加上名词也不一定能解决问题。如果前面有两份报告，“这份报告”仍可能不清楚。这时可以写“关于交通的那份报告”，或直接写出报告名称。\n\n## 6. 写完后的检查顺序\n\n1. **找所指内容**：指一个人、一件东西，还是前面整件事？\n2. **选表达角度**：用“这”把内容带到当前重点；用“那”回顾或接住已提到的内容。两者有时都可用。\n3. **看结构与语体**：书面语中表达某个对象的所属或相关方面，可考虑“其＋名词”；表示一个范围中的部分，可用“其中”。\n4. 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